Impak Pembangunan Pelancongan ke atas Persekitaran Manusia dan Fizikal Komuniti Pulau Tioman (The Impact of Tourism Development on Humanity and Physical Environment of Pulau Tioman Community)
Abstract
Pembangunan pelancongan mesti membawa impak kepada komuniti tempatan dari aspek persekitaran manusia (ekonomi, sosial dan budaya) mahupun persekitaran fizikal. Jika pembangunan ini membawa manfaat, ia akan memberi kesan dari aspek sokongan dan pembangunan masa hadapan. Pembangunan pelancongan di Pulau Tioman telah melibatkan komuniti tempatan dan dijangka membawa impak seperti dinyatakan di atas. Sebagai bukti, sejumlah 228 komuniti tempatan di Pulau Tioman telah ditemu bual dengan berbantukan borang soal selidik dalam usaha mengenal pasti sama ada mereka memperoleh impak daripada pembangunan Pulau Tioman sebagai destinasi pelancongan dan apakah mereka menyokong pembangunan pada masa hadapan. Kaedah Strutural Equation Model (SEM) dengan menggunakan perisian Smart Partial Least Square (SmartPLS) digunakan dalam kajian ini. Hasil kajian menunjukkan secara keseluruhan komuniti tempatan mendapat impak positif sama ada dari segi ekonomi, sosial, budaya mahu pun alam sekitar. Komuniti berpuas hati dengan impak yang mereka peroleh mengikut urutan; impak yang paling terkesan adalah impak sosial, diikuti oleh impak alam sekitar, budaya dan ekonomi. Dengan itu, komuniti tempatan memberi sokongan kepada pembangunan pada masa hadapan. Bagaimanapun, sokongan pembangunan pelancongan pada masa hadapan bergantung kepada empat elemen utama iaitu peningkatan gaji, peluang pekerjaan, penyediaan kemudahan asas dan kemudahan kesihatan. Dengan itu, pembangunan Pulau Tioman perlu diteruskan kerana ia membawa impak positif dan berupaya membangunkan sosial masyarakat berdasarkan faktor keperluan pada masa hadapan. Untuk meransang penyertaan komuniti, pihak berkepentingan harus memberikan tumpuan kepada perkara yang boleh membawa manfaat kepada mereka agar setiap pembangunan dapat meningkatkan pendapatan, menjana peluang pekerjaan baru dan menambah pelbagai kemudahan asas serta meningkatkan kemudahan kesihatan.
Kata kunci: Pembangunan; pelancongan; Pulau Tioman; persekiran fizikal; persekitaran manusia
Abstract
Tourism development will impact the local community, either from the perspective of human (economic, social, cultural) or physical environment. If the progress is beneficial, future development will be supported. Hence, tourism development in Pulau Tioman involved the local community and is expected to bring the impact mentioned above. As an evidence, by using a set of questionnaires, a total of 228 Pulau Tioman’s residents were interviewed to investigate whether they had been affected by the development of Pulau Tioman as a tourist destination. They were also interviewed on their support for the future development in Pulau Tioman. The Structural Equation Model (SEM) with Smart Partial Least Square (SmartPLS) software was used in this study. The results showed that the community is positively impacted either from the economic, social, culture or environmental aspect. They are also satisfied with the impact, and the most significant impact is the social impact; followed by environmental, cultural and economic impacts. Hence, the local community supports the future development of the island. However, their support is dependent upon four major elements; and those are increase in salary, employment opportunities, as well as better basic and health facilities. As for policy implication, in order to stimulate the participation and ensuring support from the local community, the stakeholders should focus on what may be beneficial to the community.
Keywords: Development; tourism; Tioman Island; physical environment; human surroundings
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