Faktor Analisis Pendorong dan Penghalang kepada Kenderaan Tidak Bermotor di Bangi (Factor Analysis to Encourage and Discourage Non-Motorised Vehicles in Bangi)

Muhamad Razuhanafi Mat Yazid, Muhamad Nazri Borhan, Rozmi Ismail

Abstract


Kenderaan tidak bermotor adalah penting bagi menjamin kehidupan dalam persekitaran yang bersih, sihat dan berkualiti tinggi. Hari ini, sistem pengangkutan di bandar-bandar Malaysia sering dikaitkan dengan imej buruk seperti kesesakan, kemalangan dan ketidakcekapan pengangkutan awam sebagai alternatif. Selain itu kesan pembebasan gas karbon ke ruang atmosfera menyumbang kepada pencemaran alam dan menjejaskan aspek kualiti kehidupan secara umumnya. Kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi responden untuk membuat pemilihan kepada penggunaan kenderaan tidak bermotor berdasarkan kepada faktor pendorong dan penghalang. Bagi tujuan ini, faktor analisis dan CFA digunakan untuk menjelaskan situasi penggunaan kenderaan tidak bermotor berdasarkan borang soal selidik dengan 39 item yang dipecahkan kepada empat aspek utama yang menjadi instrumen soal selidik. Seramai 400 responden di Bandar Baru Bangi telah terlibat dalam kajian ini. Hasil kajian menunjukkan kumpulan faktor yang amat mempengaruhi keinginan menggunakan kenderaan tidak bermotor adalah faktor halangan iaitu cuaca dan jarak perjalanan (10.879), keperluan asas yang tidak disediakan (1.945), keadaan laluan (1.589), persekitaran (1.142) dan halangan perundangan (1.044). Manakala faktor kedua yang mempengaruhi mempengaruhi keputusan untuk memilih kepada kenderaan tidak bermotor adalah faktor kesenangan (2.233), galakan (1.401) dan keselamatan (1.002). Manakala factor yang paling rendah mempengaruhi keputusan untuk bertukar kepada penggunaan kenderaaan tidak bermotor ialah faktor sekatan iaitu tiada kemudahan untuk kenderaan tidak bermotor (1.302). Hasil kajian ini memberi implikasi bahawa elemen kesenangan dan kesejahteraan kepada pengguna perlu diberi keutamaan dalam membentuk polisi ke arah penggunaan kenderaan tidak bermotor di Malaysia.  

Kata kunci: Faktor Analisis; pendorong; penghalang; kenderaan tidak bermotor; berbasikal


Abstract

Non-motorised vehicles are essential in ensuring a clean, healthy and high quality environment. Today, the transportation system in Malaysia often associated with bad image such as heavy traffic congestion, road accident and inefficiency of public transport as an alternative. Additionally, the impact of carbon emission into the atmospheric contributes to environmental pollution and adversely affects the quality of life in general. This study aims to examine what factors determine respondents’ decision towards the use of non-motorised vehicle as a mode of transport based on encourages and discourages factor. For this purpose, factor analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to analyse the situatios in understanding respondents’ readiness towards the idea of using non-motorised vehicle.  The questionnaire used in this study comprised of 39 items and reponded by 400 respondents in Bandar Baru Bangi Residensial Area. The findings showed that the main factor influenced decision of the participants to use non-motorized vehicles was deterrent factor such as weather condition and travel distance (10.879), basic amenities (1.945), path conditions (1.589), environments (1.142) and legislation (1.044). The second factor is easy to manage (2.233), encouraging (1.401) and feel secure (1.002) and the less important factor is discouraging factor such as improvised public facilities (1.302) to support such initiatives. The main implication of this study is facilitative factors and well being of the people need to be given priority in developing a policy towards the use of non-motorised vehicles in Malaysia.

Keywords: Factor Analysis; motivator; deterrents; non-motorized vehicles; cycling



Full Text:

PDF

References


Anderson, J. C. 1984. The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions and goodness-of-fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Psychometrika 49(2): 155-173.

Bauman, A., Rissel, C., Garrard, J., Ker, I., Speidel, R. & Fishman, E. 2008. Cycling: getting Australia moving – barriers, facilitators and interventions to get more Australians physically active through cycling. Australia. 31st Australasian Transport Research Forum.

Chua Yan Piaw. 2009. Statistik Penyelidikan Lanjutan (Ujian Regresi, Analisis Faktor dan Analisis SEM). Kuala Lumpur: McGraw-Hill Education Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.

Costello, A. B. & Osborne, J. W. 2005. Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most from Your Analysis. Practical Assessment Research @ Evaluation 10(7): 1-9.

Carse, A., Goodman, A., Mackett, R. L., Panter, J. & Ogilvie, D. 2013. The factors influencing car use in a cycle-friendly city: the case of Cambridge. Journal of Transport Geography 28: 67-74.

Clifton, K. J. & Kreamer-Fults, K. 2007. An examination of the environmental attributes associated with pedestrian-vehicular crashes near public schools. Accident - analysis and prevention 39(4): 708-15.

Freeman, L., Neckerman, K., Schwartz-Soicher, O., Quinn, J., Richards, C., Bader, M. D. M., Lovasi, G. 2012. Neighborhood Walkability and Active Travel (Walking and Cycling) in New York City. Journal of Urban Health 90(4): 575-585

Furie, G. L. & Desai, M. M. 2012. Active transportation and cardiovascular disease risk factors in U.S. adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 43(6): 621-8.

Garrard, J., Rose, G. & Lo, S. K. 2008. Promoting transportation cycling for women: the role of bicycle infrastructure. Preventive medicine 46(1): 55-9

Handy, S. L., Xing, Y. & Buehler, T. J. 2010. Factors associated with bicycle ownership and use: a study of six small U.S. cities. Transportation 37(6): 967-985.

Jackson, L. E. 2003. The relationship of urban design to human health and condition. Landscape and Urban Planning 64(4): 191-200.

Jamilah Hj Ahmad, Hasrina Mustafa, Hamidah Abd hamid, Juliana Abdul Wahad.2011. Pengetahuan sikap dan amalan masyarakat Malaysia terhadap isu alam sekitar. Akademika 81(3):103-115.

Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan Malaysia (JPJ). 2017.

http://www.jpj.gov.my/statistikpendaftaran-motokar Tarikh capaian: 19 Februari 2017.

Karmilah Abdullah & Jamilah Ahmad. 2014. Impak Pemerkasaan Teknologi Hijau terhadap Amalan Pengamal Perhubungan Awam Hijau di Malaysian Green Technology Corporation (GreenTech Malaysia). Akademika 84(3):29-39.

Kaplan, D. H. 2015. Transportation sustainability on a

university campus. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 16(2): 173-186.

Koh, P. P. & Diew, Y. 2012. The Evolution of Cycling in Singapore: 39-50. Singapore.

https://www. The-Evolution-of-Cycling-in-Singapore. Tarikh capaian: 19 Februari 2017

Lay, Y. F. & Khoo, C. H. 2010. Pengenalan Kepada Analisis Statistik Dalam Penyelidikan Sains Sosial (Siri 3). Kuala Lumpur: Venton Publishing (M) Sdn Bhd.

Litman, T. 2012. Evaluating Non-Motorized Transportation Benefits and Costs. Victoria Transport Policy Institute. 134–140. Victoria.

Nasrudin N, Nor ARM Noor HM, Abdullah YA (2013) Urban residents’ awareness and readiness for sustainable transportation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 105, 632-643. Asia Pacific International Conference on Environment-Behavior Studies, London.

Na’asah Nasrudin, Katiman Rostam dan Rosniza Aznie Che Rose. 2014. Persepsi penduduk Shah Alam terhadap dasar pengangkutan dan kesediaan mengguna pengangkutan mampan. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space 10(2): 133-142.

Nur Nasliza Arina Mohamad Nasir & Jamilah Hj. Ahmad 2015.Facebook dan Media Massa: Keberkesanan dalam Menyampaikan Mesej Alam Sekitar kepada Masyarakat. Akademika 85(1):33-46.

Nur Liyana Mohd ibrahim, Mohammad Aziz Shah Mohamed Arip, Mohammad Nasir Bistaman. 2014.Terjemahan, kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan career thoughts inventory. Jurnal Sains Humanika 7(1):31-41.

Millward, H., Spinney, J. & Scott, D. 2013. Active-transport walking behavior: destinations, durations, distances. Journal of Transport Geography 28: 101-110.

MIROS. 2007. Laporan Tahunan 2007, 1-121. Kajang. http://www.miros.gov.my/c/document_library/ Tarikh capaian: 19 Februari 2017

Muhamad Razuhanafi Mat Yazid, Muhamad Nazri Borhan, Nik Mohd Iznan Tuan YaakubSharinatol Akmanida Jamaludin. 2017. Pemodelan Kesediaan Masyarakat Beranjak Kepada Pengangkutan Aktif. Jurnal Sains Humanika. 9(3): 43-49.

Muhamad Razuhanafi, M. Y., Rozmi, I. & Riza Atiq, O. K. R. 2013. Pemodelan penggunaan kenderaan tidak bermotor berdasarkan teori tingkah laku terancang (PB). Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences and Engineering) 62(1): 69-76. doi:10.11113/jt.v62.1341

Pallant, J. 2011. SPSS Survival Manual. 4th edition. Australia: National Library of Australia.

Planners Collaborative, I. 2008. Massachusetts bicycle transportation plan, 1-146. Massachusetts.

Rabiatulm Adawiyah. 2009, April 19. Berjalan kaki untuk jantung. Utusan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.

Rebecca, G. 2008. Guide to promoting bicycling on federal lands, 1-212. Bozeman. http://www.cflhd.gov Tarikh capaian : 19 Februari 2017

Radin Umar, R. S. 2005. Updates of road safety status in Malaysia. IATSS Research 29(1): 78-80.

Rojas-Rueda, D., de Nazelle, a, Teixidó, O. & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. 2012. Replacing car trips by increasing bike and public transport in the greater Barcelona metropolitan area: a health impact assessment study. Environment International 49: 100-9.

Rybarczyk, G. & Gallagher, L. 2014. Measuring the potential for bicycling and walking at a metropolitan commuter university. Journal of Transport Geography 39: 1-10.

Salleh, B. S., Rahmat, R. A. O. & Ismail, A. 2015. Expert System on Selection of Mobility Management Strategies towards Implementing Active Transport. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 195: 2896-2904. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.416

Sahar Abd Ali Dawood, Muhamad Nazri Borhan & Riza Atiq Rahmat 2015. Pemodelan Kesediaan Pelajar Beranjak kepada Berbasikal di UKM. Jurnal Kejuruteraan 27: 95-102.

Schreiber, J. B. 2006. Modeling and Confirmatory Factor Analysis Results: A Review. The Journal of Educational Research 99(6): 323-336.

Scmitt, T. A. 2011. Current Methodological Considerations in Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 29(4): 304-321.

Schneider, R. J. 2011. Understanding Sustainable Transportation Choices: Shifting Routine Automobile Travel to Walking and Bicycling. Ph.D Thesis. University of California, Berkeley.

Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. 2007. Using Multivariate Statistics. 5th edition. Boston: Pearson Education.

Winters, M., Davidson, G., Kao, D. & Teschke, K. 2011. Motivators and deterrents of bicycling: comparing influences on decisions to ride. Journal Transportation 38(1): 153-168.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN: 0126-5008

eISSN: 0126-8694