The Evolution of Indonesia’s Military Doctrines in Old Order, New Order and Reformation Era (Evolusi Doktrin Ketenteraan Indonesia Masa Orde Lama, Orde Baru dan Era Reformasi)
Abstract
This study examines the evolution of the Indonesian military doctrines during the Old Order, the New Order, and the Reformation Era. Under Sukarno’s leadership, the use of military force was outward looking and offensive, apart from constantly viewing neighbouring countries as potential enemies. Suharto prioritised homeland security and built synergies among nations within the region. The military doctrine during the Reformation Era has undergone four amendments as an effort to improve military professionalism. This study analyses factors that led to the evolution of the Indonesian military doctrine and explains the evolution that took place during the three periods. This study employed a qualitative method supported by Neoclassical Realism analysis through literature study, document analysis, and interviews as an attempt to analyse various factors for the military doctrine evolution. The study outcomes showed that domestic politics emerged as the most dominant factor that sparked the evolution of military doctrine. Finally, this study concludes that the evolutionary doctrine of the Indonesian military reflects a form of adjustment to political developments and strategic environment in maintaining the Indonesian national security.
Keywords: Evolution; military doctrine; New Order; Old Order; Reformation Era
Abstrak
Kajian ini membincangkan evolusi doktrin ketenteraan Indonesia dalam tempoh Orde Lama, Orde Baru dan Era Reformasi. Di bawah kepimpinan Sukarno, penggunaan kekuatan ketenteraan tertuju keluar dan ofensif serta melihat negara-negara jiran berpotensi sebagai musuh. Suharto mengutamakan keselamatan dalam negeri dan membangun sinergi antara negara serantau. Doktrin ketenteraan di Era Reformasi telah mengalami empat perubahan sebagai upaya untuk mempertingkatkan profesionalisme tentera. Kajian ini menganalisis faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan evolusi doktrin ketenteraan Indonesia dan menjelaskan evolusi doktrin yang berlaku selama tiga period. Penyelidikan ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif yang disokong dengan analisis Realisme Neoklasik ke atas data yang diperoleh melalui kajian kepustakaan, analisis dokumen dan temu bual sebagai usaha untuk menganalisis pelbagai faktor dalam evolusi doktrin ketenteraan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa politik domestik adalah faktor yang paling dominan dalam evolusi doktrin ketenteraan. Akhirnya, dapat disimpulkan bahawa evolusi doktrin ketenteraan Indonesia adalah suatu bentuk penyesuaian dengan perkembangan politik dan lingkungan strategis dalam mengawal keselamatan nasional Indonesia.
Kata kunci: Evolusi; doktrin ketenteraan; Order Lama; Order Baru; Era Reformasi
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