Masyarakat Perkampungan Portugis di Jakarta: Persanakan, Petempatan dan Penamaan (The Portuguese Village in Jakarta: Kinship, Residence and Naming)

Raan Hann Tan

Abstract


Although the Portuguese never colonized Batavia (Jakarta), the Kampung Tugu in North Jakarta is known as Portuguese Village. The early settlers of Tugu Village since 1661 consisted of the Mardijkers (liberated slaves). After so many years, there are people from Tugu who still refer to themselves as “of Portuguese descent”. So far, media reports and academic research have largely focused on their traditional music known as Keroncong Tugu. Ehtnographic research of the present-day Tugu is still lacking. This paper begins with the context of Batavia, the Mardijkers and then focuses on aspects of the contemporary Tugu People. The methodology of the study was based on primary data from field work in Jakarta and secondary data from historical narratives and linguistic studies. This study shows that not only in Kampung Tugu, but this “Portuguese” community also exists in Pejambon, Central Jakarta, as a result of the diaspora that occurred in the 1950s. The study finds that the discourse of the Tugu people often involves genealogy to explain how they are of Portuguese descent, in other words, Native Tugu, and how they are related to one another. In addition to that, interviews findings, family genealogies, household surveys, kinship terms and naming further indicate that the Tugu people are a heterogenous group.

 

Keywords: Mardijkers; Kampung Tugu; Keroncong; Portuguese Creole; Kinship

 

 Abstract

 

Walaupun Portugis tidak pernah menjajah Batavia (Jakarta), tetapi jejaknya masih dapat dilihat. Sebagai contoh, kewujudan Kampung Tugu yang juga dikenali sebagai Perkampungan Portugis di Jakarta Utara. Mengikut sejarah, golongan Mardijker (orang merdeka)adalah sebuah kelompok masyarakat yang memperolehi kemerdekaan daripadabekas penjajah Belanda. Kelompok ini adalahpengasas Kampung Tugu sejak tahun 1661 dan merupakan nenek moyang orang Tugu. Selama beberapa dasawarsa, orang Tugu masih merujuk diri mereka sebagai “keturunan Portugis”. Sehingga ke hari ini, kajian dan laporan media mengenai Kampung Tugu lebih terarahkepada muzik tradisional mereka, iaitu Keroncong Tugu.Meskipun pelbagai kajian dan laporan telah dihasilkan, kekurangan penyelidikan melalui kaedah etnografi mengenai Kampung Tugu dapat dikesan. Justeru,makalah ini bermula daripada konteks masyarakat Batavia, Kaum Mardijkers dan seterusnya mendalami aspek kekeluargaan orang Tugu padazaman ini. Metodologi kajian adalah berdasarkan data primer melalui kerja lapangan di Jakarta dan data sekunder dari naratif sejarah serta kajian linguistik. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa bukan sahaja di Kampung Tugu, tetapi komuniti Portugis juga wujud di Pejambon, Jakarta Pusat—akibat daripada diaspora yang berlaku pada tahun 1950-an. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa, salasilah keluarga sering digunakan dalam wacana orang Tugu sebagai penjelasan terhadap dakwaan mereka yang dikatakan mempunyai talian persaudaraan dengan keturunan Portugis atau “Orang Tugu Asli.” Namun begitu, hasil temubual, kajian salasilah keluarga, tinjauan isi rumah, istilah kekeluargaan dan penamaan menunjukkan bahawa orang Tugu merupakan sebuah masyarakat yang majmuk.

 

Kata kunci: Mardijkers; Kampung Tugu; Keroncong; Kreol Portugis; persanakan

 


Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdurachman, P. R. 2008. Bunga angin Portugis di Nusantara: Jejak-jejak kebudayaan Portugis di Indonesia. Jakarta: LIPI.

Aritonang, J. S., & Steenbrink, K. A. 2008. A History of Christianity in Indonesia. Leiden: Brill.

Ayisi, E.O. 1970. The dynamics of kinship terminology in small-scale societies. Research Review 7 (2):18-27.

Becker, J. 1975. Kroncong, Indonesian Popular Music.” Asian Music 7 (1). Southeast Asia Issue: 14-19.

Beukhof, J. 1890. Eene Verwaarloosde Zuster: Aanteekeningen omtrent het verleden van de kleine Christen-gemeente te Toegoe. Leiden: D. Donner.

Bodenhorn, B., & vom Bruck, G. (pnyt.) 2006. The Anthropology of Names and Naming. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bosma, U., & Raben, R. 2008. Being“Dutch” in the Indies: A history of creolisation and empire, 1500-1920. Singapore: NUS Press.

Castles, L. 1967. The ethnic profile of Djakarta. Indonesia 3(April):153-204. Retrieved from http://cip.cornell.edu/seap.indo/1107136733 [8 Januari 2012].

Chaer, A. 2009. Kamus Dialek Jakarta. Edisi Revisi. Jakarta: Masup Jakarta.

Dalgado, S. R. 1921. Glossario Luso-Asiatico. Jilid ke-2. Coimbra: Impresa da Universidade.

Daus, R. 1989. Portuguese Eurasian communities in Southeast Asia. Pasir Panjang, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

Espada, M. de J. 2009. Io Dali Vos Mori: Retrato Sumário de Uma Comunidade Luso-descendente em Tugu. Lisboa: Prefácio.

Fee, L. Y. 2009. Everyday identities in Malaysian Chinese’s subjectivities. Akademika, 75(1): 21-41.

França,A. P. da. 1970. PortugueseInfluenceinIndonesia. Djakarta: GunungAgung.

Ganap, V. 2011. Krontjong Toegoe. Yogjakarta: Badan Penerbit Institut Seni Indonesia.

Haan, D. F. 1917. De Laatste der Mardijkers.Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 73(1): 219-254.

Hun, P. G., & Kaur, C. 2014. Identiti etnik minoriti di Malaysia: Antara realiti sosial tafsiran autoriti dan tafsiran harian. Akademika, 84(1&2): 57-70.

Jonathans, Y. 2011. Depok tempoe doeloe: Potret kehidupan sosial & budaya masyarakat. Jakarta: Libri.

Kanumoyoso, B. 2011. Beyond the city wall: society and economic development in the Ommelanden of Batavia, 1684–1740.Ph.D Thesis, Leiden University.

Knorr, J. 2014. Creole Identity in Postcolonial Indonesia. New York and London: Berghahn.

Manusama-Moniaga, F. 1995. Ikatan Keluarga Besar Tugu: Sekelumit sejarah tengan Gereja Tugu, Keroncong Tugu, Orang-orang Tugu dan supplemen buku silsilah Abad ke-17 s/d abad ke-20.

Marzali, A. 1975. Krisis Identitas Pada Orang Depok Asli. Berita Anthropologi VII (22): 55–82.

Maurer, P. 2011. The former Portuguese Creole of Batavia and Tugu (Indonesia). London: Battebridge Publications.

McGilvray, D. B. 1982. Dutch Burghers and Portuguese Mechanics: Eurasian Ethnicity in Sri Lanka. Comparative Studies in Society and History 24 (2): 235-263.

Niemeijer, H. 2012. Batavia: Masyarakat kolonial abad XVII. Jakarta, MASUP.

Osman, S. 1981. Perkahwinan antara etnik: Satu kajian di bandar Melaka. Akademika, 19(1): 29-38.

Schuchardt, H. 1891. Kreolische Studien IX. Uber das Malaioportugiesische von Batavia und Tugu.Sitzungberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse 122: 1-256.

Seebass, T. 1997. Presence and Absence of Portuguese Musical Elements in Indonesia: An Essay on the Mechanisms of Music Acculturation. Dlm. S. E. Castelo-Branco (pnyt.).Portugal and the World: The Encounter of Cultures in Music, hlm. 227-288. Lisbon: Dom Quixote.

Shahab, Y.Z. 1994. The Creation of Ethnic Tradition: The Betawi of Jakarta. Ph.D Thesis, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, UK.

Shamsul, A.B. 1996. Debating about identity in Malaysia: A discourse analysis. Southeast Asian Studies 34(3): 476-499.

Subrahmanyam, S. 2012. The Portuguese empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A political and economic history. Edisi ke-2. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Suratminto, L. 2011. Creole Potuguese of the Tugu Village: Colonial heritage in Jakarta based on the historical and linguistic Review.” Tawarikh 3(1): 1-30.http://www.mindamas-journals.com/index.php/tawarikh/article/view/393 [22 Mei 2012]

Suratminto, L., Malagina, A., Budiman, A., Pranoto, B. E., Taufiqurrahman, F., & Pedo, V. A. S. A. 2016. Kepunahan bahasa: Bahasa kreol Tugu yang Punah dalam pemertahanan budaya Tugu. Depok: Laboratorium Leksikologi dan Leksikografi / Universitas Indonesia.

Tan, R.H. 2016.Por-Tugu-Ese? The Protestant Tugu Community of Jakarta, Indonesia.Ph.D Thesis, ISCTE-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/11540

Taylor, J. G. 2009. The Social World of Batavia: European and Eurasian in Dutch Asia. Edisi Ke-2. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.

Van der Kroef, J. M. 1955. The Indonesian Eurasian and His Culture. Phylon (1940-1956) 16 (4): 448-62.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN: 0126-5008

eISSN: 0126-8694