Pengurusan Sumber Air Mapan di Pulau Pangkor (Sustainable Water Resource Management in Pangkor Island)
Abstract
This research note is about the sustainable water management with special emphasis to hydrological characteristics, population trend and water demand projection. Aspects evaluated include precipitation and run off trends in Pulau Pangkor, water processes, distribution and management efficiency in water resources. This note also calls attention to population growth from 1995 to 2020 particularly its relations to the per capita water consumption as recommended by the Malaysian Water Association guidelines. The results reveal that precipitation is a major source of fresh water in Pulau Pangkor. Mean precipitations recorded are 150 mm and 146 mm for both stations, namely the Stesen Kajicuaca Sitiawan and Stesen TLDM, Lumut. The correlation variant (C.V) for Stesen Kajicuaca Sitiawan is 30.81 percent while at Stesen Kajicuaca TLDM, Lumut, runoff was calculated from maximum of 164.5 mm and minimum 109.1 mm. The S.D for this station is 15.89 with C.V is 12.24 percent. Presently, major fresh water resource in Pulau Pangkor is supplied from the main land with maximum capacity of 7.90 million litre waters per day. Per capita water consumption at Pulau Pangkor is higher than others with approximately 680.4 litre/person/day to 993.3 litre litre/person/day. Water demand projection indicates that domestic sector consumption at Pulau Pangkor will increase from 5.09 litre/day in 2006 to 5.94 litre/day in 2014 and 8.36 litre/day in 2020, respectively. In this regard, an efficient water supply management can not only supply adequate fresh waters but also avoid waster and deficit waters in the future.
Keywords: Water management, sustainability, precipitation, population, water resources, fresh water demand projection
ABSTRAK
Nota ini mengemukakan penyelidikan yang dilakukan mengenai pengurusan sumber air mapan dengan tumpuan kepada perilaku hidrologi, tren penduduk serta projeksi permintaan air. bagi sektor domestik di Pulau Pangkor. Aspek yang diteliti merangkumi ciri hujan dan air larian di Pulau Pangkor, proses pengeluaran air, agihan dan tahap kecekapan pengurusan sumber air. Nota ini juga memberi perhatian kepada trend pertumbuhan penduduk dari tahun 1995 hingga 2020 dengan menganalisis penggunaan air per kapita berdasarkan piawaian yang disarankan oleh The Malaysian Water Association. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa hujan merupakan sumber utama air bersih ke Pulau Pangkor. Purata hujan bagi stesen yang dikaji ialah 150 mm dan 146 mm bagi kedua-dua stesen Stesen Kajicuaca Sitiawan dan Stesen TLDM, Lumut. Nilai Pekali Ubahan (C.V) bagi Stesen Kajicuaca Sitiawan ialah 30.81 peratus dan 36.50 peratus bagi Stesen Kajicuaca TLDM, Lumut. Manakala analisis air larian menunjukkan nilai maksima sebanyak 134.6 mm dan minima 99.4 mm bagi Stesen Kajicuaca Sitiawan. Sisihan piawai dan nilai pekali ubahan (C.V) ialah masing-masing 20.07 dan 14.91 peratus. Stesen Kajicuaca TLDM, Lumut pula menunjukkan air larian maksima dan minima sebanyak 164.5mm dan iaitu 109.1mm. Sisihan piawai bagi Stesen Kajicuaca TLDM, Lumut ialah 15.89 dengan nilai Pekali Ubahan (C.V) sebanyak 12.24 peratus. Sumber air rawat utama di Pulau Pangkor dibekalkan dari tanah besar dengan keupayaan maksimum sebanyak 7.90 juta liter sehari pada masa sekarang. Berdasarkan penggunaan air per kapita, didapati penggunaan air rawat per kapita di Pulau Pangkor adalah tinggi, iaitu di antara 680.4 liter/orang/hari hingga 993.3 liter/orang/hari. Projeksi permintaan air rawat menunjukkan guna air sektor domestik di Pulau Pangkor meningkat dari 5.09 juta liter/hari pada tahun 2006 kepada 5.94 juta liter/ hari pada tahun 2015 dan 8.36 liter/ hari pada tahun 2020. Dalam konteks ini tahap kecekapan yang tinggi dalam pengurusan penawaran air bukan sahaja dapat membekalkan air bersih yang cukup dan berkualiti tetapi juga dapat mengelakkan pembaziran dan defisit air.
Kata kunci: Pengurusan air, mapan, hujan, penduduk, sumber air, projeksi permintaan air rawat
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