Ungendering Gendered Identities? Transgenderism in Malaysia

Abstract

One of the limitations of gender theories is the lack of emphasis on the phenomenon of gender crossing. While debates on sex and gender surrounding issues of biological and/or social constructions of identity/ies have intended to explain the differences between men and women; transgenderism is highly under-emphasised, if not ignored. This paper intends to explore the phenomenon of transgenderism in Malaysia by looking at male-to-female transgenderists, popularly known as mak nyah. A few questions are posed and examined, they are: what are the stages of gender crossing? What are the processes and social changes incurred during the transformation? To what extent such transformations affect and are affected by various social aspects? In relation to this, a few essential social institutions are investigated, such as religion, family, tertiary education, peer group, etc. In depth interviews and life stories of transgenderists are utilized to reveal personal perceptions and experiences of gender-crossing and identity reconstruction. These stories also show the strategies of adaptation, seclusion or conversion adopted by transgenderists in reaction to mainstream's stigmatisation and expectations.

ABSTRAK

Salah satu kelemahan teori-teori kajian gender adalahperhatian yang terhad tentang fenomena silang gender: Perdebatan berkenaan dengan jantina dun gender seringkali berkisar sekitar isu-isu biologi dan/atau konstruksi identiti secara sosial untuk menerangkan perbezaan di antara lelaki dun wanita; manakala, isu transgenderisme tidak diberi perhatian langsung. Makalah ini ingin menerokai fenomena transgenderisme di Malaysia dengan mengkaji tentang transgenderis lelaki-kepada-wanita, yang lebih dikenali sebagai mak nyah. Beberapa soalan dipapar dun dibincangkan di sini, iaitu: apakah tingkat persilangan gender? Apakah proses dun perubahan sosial semasa transformasi tersebut? Sejauh manakah transformasi itu mempengaruhi dan dipengaruhi aspek sosial yang berbeza? Sehubungan ini, beberapa institusi sosial utama telah diselidiki, seperti agama, keluarga, pendidikan tinggi, dun kumpulan rakan sebaya. Temubual mendalam dan pengalaman hidup para transgenderis digunakan di sini untuk menunjukkan persepsi dan pengalaman peribadi dalam pembentukan identiti dun silang gender. Pengalaman tersebut juga memaparkan strategi adaptasi, pengasingan afau pertukaran yang dialami oleh para transgenderis sebagai reaksi terhadap stigma dunjangkaan masyarakat.