Pendidikan dan Segregasi Pekerjaan Mengikut Gender (Education and Occupational Segregation by Gender)

Abstract

This article discusses the influence of formal education in occupational segregation by gender. This article has three objectives: To look at the distribution pattern of education by gender, to examine the form of horizontal and vertical segregation that exist, and to get the views of woman from three generations about why women should work, and the types of work deemed suitable or unsuitable for women. Discussion is based on empirical data obtained from a survey carried out using purposive sampling technique. Using the snowball technique a total of 12 families with three generation was selected as samples. Based on the highest level of education received, the second generation was made the main sample Analysis from the secondary data showed that the number of female graduates at the undergraduate level is high in the field of humanities, economy, business and management compared to the high number of male graduates in the field of engineering, architecture, town and regional planning, land survey and property management. In terms of work distribution, women are still seen to be concentrated in the clerical and service type of jobs while the male workers are concentrated in all type of jobs. Empirical data show that woman choose a particular job due to a variety of reasons such as their academic qualifications, job preference, the ease of performing the job and whether the job is socially acceptable. The article concludes that the education that women received had enabled them to participate in jobs that were previously dominated by the male workers.

ABSTRAK

Makalah ini membicarakan tentang pengaruh pendidikan formal dalam segregasi pekerjaan mengikut gender. Terdapat tiga tujuan makalah ini, iaitu memerihalkan corak taburan pendidikan mengikut gender, meneliti bentuk segregasi mendatar dan menegak yang wujud, dan membincang pandangan wanita daripada tiga generasi tentang kenapa wanita perlu bekerja dan jenis pekerjaan yang sesuai dan tidak sesuai bagi wanita. Perbincangan berasaskan data empirikal yang diperolehi melalui survei yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan kaedah persampelan bertujuan. Seramai 12 buah keluarga yang mempunyai tiga generasi dipilih sebagai responden menggunakan teknik “snowball”. Generasi kedua dijadikan sebagai sampel utama mengikut pencapaian pelajaran tertinggi yang diperolehi. Data sekunder menunjukkan bahawa bilangan graduan wanita peringkat ijazah pertama adalah tinggi dalam bidang kemanusiaan, ekonomi, perniagaan dan pengurusan berbanding bilangan graduan lelaki yang masih tinggi dalam bidang kejuruteraan, senibina, perancangan bandar dan wilayah, ukur bahan dan pengurusan hartabenda. Dari segi taburan pekerjaan pula, wanita masih bertumpu dalam kategori pekerjaan perkeranian dan perkhidmatan sementara lebih ramai lelaki terdapat dalam semua kategori pekerjaan. Data empirikal menunjukkan bahawa wanita memilih pekerjaan tertentu kerana kelayakan akademik yang ada, suka dengan pekerjaan yang dipilih, pekerjaan mudah dilakukan dan pekerjaan berkenaan diterima oleh masyarakat. Makalah ini diakhiri dengan menyatakan bahawa tahap pendidikan yang diperolehi telah membolehkan wanita menceburi bidang pekerjaan yang dahulunya didominasi oleh kaum lelaki.