A Theoretical Framework for Conflict Resolution
Abstract
This study examines the parameters of ethnonational conflict theory. Ethnonational conflict is a widespread phenomenon. There have been many examples of such intrastate conflicts since the end of World War II. The reason for the focus on this type of conflict is that it is mostly waged in poor countries. Consequently, these conflicts tend to exacerbate the already abysmal poverty of these countries by destroying their fragile economic bases and inflicting endless misery upon generations of people. The study examines Micro as well as Macro theories of conflict. While the first emphasizes that the root causes of war lie in the human nature and human behaviour, the second focuses on the interaction of groups, specifically on the conscious level. Enemy theory is explicated, it is a fusion of developmental psychology and international relations theory and is used to explain terrorism in general. Human needs theory is also examined. This has been developed as a generic or holistic theory of human behaviour. Its basic assumption is that humans have basic needs that have to be met in order to maintain stable societies. Finally, we move from theory to practice by studying conflict resolution, track two diplomacy. This is an unoficial, informal interaction between members of adversary groups. This is in no way a substitute for official, formal, 'track one' government to government or leader-to leader relationships.
Key words: ethnonationalism, conflict resolution, conflict theories, enemy system theory, track two diplomacy
ABSTRAK
Makalah ini mengkaji ruang-lingkup teori konflik etno-nasional. Konflik etnonasional adalah satu fenomena yang sedang berkembang di mana terdapat banyak contoh konflik-konflik intra-negeri sebegini yang berlaku sejak berakhirnya Perang Dunia Kedua. Tujuan pemfokusan terhadap bentuk konflik ini adalah kerana ianya banyak meletus di negara-negara miskin. Akibatnya, konflik-konflik ini memburukkan lagi situasi kemiskinan yang sedia ada di negara-negara ini, dan membawa kepayahan kepada generasi demi generasi rakyat mereka. Makalah ini meneliti teori-teori mikro dan makro yang berkaitan dengan konflik. Teori mikro menekankan bahawa sebab-sebab asas peperangan adalah sifat semulajadi dan perangai manusia, manakala teori makro memfokus interaksi kelompok-kelompok, khasnya pada tahap sedar. Teori permusuhan juga ada dibincangkan; ianya adalah percantuman teori psikologi pembangunan dan hubungan antarabangsa yang digunakan untuk menerangkan mengenai terrorisme secara amnya. Kajian juga meninjau teori keperluan manusiawi. Teori ini telah dikembangkan sebagai teori yang generik atau menyeluruh mengenai perangai manusia. Andaian asasnya adalah bahawa manusia punya keperluan asas yang perlu dipenuhi bagi menjamin kestabilan masyarakat. Akhimya, kajian ini berganjak dari teori ke praktis dengan menyelidiki penyelesaian konflik melalui 'diplomasi trek kedua'. Ini adalah interaksi tidak rasmi dan tidak formal antara ahli-ahli pelbagai kelompok yang bertelagah. Walau bagaimanapun diplomasi sebegini bukanlah satu penggantian kepada hubungan rasmi, formal dan 'trek pertama' antara kerajaan, atau antara para pemimpin.
Kata kunci: etno-nasionalisme, penyelesaian konflik, teori berkenaan konflik, teori sistem permusuhan, diplomasi trek kedua
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