Orientasi Akademik: Pendekatan Alternatif dalam Program Pendidikan Guru Siswazah di Malaysia
Abstract
This article is an inquiry into the approriateness of Malaysian pre-service teacher education programmes in developing effective teachers. Based on the review of the current literature on the approaches in teacher training, the article employs as its theoretical framework, the conceptual orientation of teacher education advocated by Feiman-Nemser. In all the five orientations suggested by Feiman-Nemser (academic, practical, technological, personal and critical), trainee-teachers are regarded as thinkers and decision-makers. However, with regard to teacher education programme in Malaysia, this article shows that the programme adopts the technological orientation which views teachers as technicians and that effective teachers could be trained by acquiring the necessary technical teaching skills. It is argued, however that effective teachers also need to demonstrate the ability to think creatively and critically. Besides arguing that the technological orientation does not accord with the prevailing view on learning to teach as well as the characteristics of effective teachers, this article suggests that the academic orientation is more in line with the current understanding on teaching, learning and teacher education.
Keywords: Teacher education, academic orientation, trainee teachers, effective teachers, Malaysia
ABSTRAK
Artikel ini ialah satu penelitian ke atas keberkesanan pendekatan program pendidikan guru di Malaysia dalam menghasilkan guru berkesan, khususnya di peringkat pra perkhidmatan. Berdasarkan tinjauan kepustakaan mengenai pendekatan program pendidikan guru yang sedia ada, kajian ini memanfaatkan orientasi konseptual pendidikan guru yang diutarakan oleh Feiman-Nemser sebagai kerangka teorinya. Dalam kelima-lima orientasi yang Feiman-Nemser kemukakan (iaitu akademik, praktikal, teknologi, peribadi, dan kritikal), guru pelatih diiktiraf sebagai pemikir dan pembuat keputusan. Akan tetapi, dari segi program pendidikan guru di Malaysia, kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa program itu masih mengamalkan orientasi teknologi yang secara amnya memandang guru sebagai juruteknik. Orientasi ini menganggap guru berkesan boleh dibentuk apabila seseorang telah menguasai teknik-teknik pengajaran sedangkan untuk menjadi guru sedemikian, seseorang itu juga perlu dididik untuk menaakul secara kreatif dan kritis dalam tindak-tanduknya. Di samping menghujahkan bahawa orientasi teknologi tidak sejujur dengan pandungan semasa baik dari segi mempelajari cara mengajar mahupun dari segi ciri-ciri guru berkesan, artikel ini menganjurkan bahawa amalan dalam orientasi akademik lebih sealiran dengan kefahaman semasa tentang pengajaran, pembelajaran dan pendidikan guru.
Kata kunci: Pendidikan guru, orientasi akademik, guru pelatih, guru berkesan, Malaysia
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