Contesting Colonial Discourse: Rewriting Murut History of Resistance in British North Borneo from 1881 to 1915
Abstract
This paper anempts to contest the colonial discourse on the history of Murut anti-British resistance. Anti-British resistance was part and parcel of reactions towards the British in the early periods of colonial rule from 1881-1915. In over three decades, the Muruts launched numerous rebellions against the British with disastrous defeats and heavy loss of lives. For the British, these actions were considered irrational, driven by the Muruts' desire to return to their past ways of lawlessness and savage practices. To the Muruts, each rebellion marked a sign of resistance against the colonial encroachment into their social, economic, cultural and political life. Contrary to colonial views that downplay the significance of the Murut rebellions, the latter did forge a unified nation by 1915. The Rundum Rebellion of 1915 was the climax of Murut resistance. It contained features of a unified nation, a fixed geographical boundary, a leadership hierarchy, mobilization of labour and the control of violence to oust the British from Murut countrv. In essence, Murut resistance had a single goal - to gain independence from colonial rule.
Key words: Colonial discourse, Murut rebellion, nation, British North Borneo
ABSTRAK
Makalah ini bertujuan mempersoalkan wacana kolonial mengenai sejarah penerangan kaum Murut rerhadap Inggeris. Penentangan itu ialah sebahagian yang padu daripada reaksi kaum Murut terhadap Inggeris yang bermula sejak bahagian awal penguasaan Inggeris iaitu antara 1881-1915. Dalam tempoh lebih tiga dasawarsa itu, penentangan Murut telah berakhir dengan kekalahan serta kehilangan banyak nyawa. Bagi Inggeris, penentangan Murut dianggap sebagai pencerminan keinginan kaum Murut untuk balik ke cara hidup lama yang didasari oleh ketiadaan undang-undang serta amalan primitif. Namun bagi masyarakat Murut, penerangan ini berlaku kerana mereka menentang dasar campur tangan Inggeris dalam kehidupan sosial, ekonomi, budaya dan politik mereka. Berlawanan dengan pandangan Inggeris yang meremehkan penentangan tersebut, keadaan ini telah menjadi pencetus kepada pembentukan nasion Murut menjelang 1915. Pemberontakan Rundum 1915 adalah kemuncak kepada penentangan Murut. Penentangan itu mempunyai beberapa ciri seperti satu nasion Murut yang bersatu, sebuah wilayah yang tetap, hiraki pentadbiran, mobilisasi buruh serta pengawalan keganasan yang bertujuan menghalau Inggeris daripada Negeri Murut. Pada hakikamya, penentangan Murut mempunyai satu tujuan, iaitu membebaskan diri mereka daripada genggaman penjajah.
Kata kunci: Wacana kolonial, pemberontakan Murut, nasion, British North Borneo
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The above-listed Tagols provided oral narratives of the Rundum rebellion of 1915, native perception of colonial rule and cultural practices dominant at the time of their parents or grandparents. These narratives were collected in groups of a few Tagols sharing their experiences at a time.
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