Between Development and Deforestation: Negotiating Citizenship in a Commodified Landscape
Abstract
In recent years logging companies have moved into areas occupied by Penan hunter-gatherers of Sarawak. Since 1987 the Penan have resisted the activities of those companies by erecting blockades and engaging in other acts of civil disobedience. In the process they have become something of a cause celebre within the international tropical rainforest conservation movement, representatives of which have attempted to intervene on their behalf. Such foreign intervention, though welcomed by the Penan, is resented by government officials. This article examines theforms of rhetoric employed by three parties involved in this debate: (1) the Penan themselves, (2) Western environmentalists, and (3) the Sarawak state and Malaysian federal governments. Each has constructed the Penan, and the rainforest, in particular ways. It is in part because of differences in these constructions, and because of the contested meanings of concepts such as "conservation" and "development", that efforts to resolve this conflict have been unsuccessful. Finally, I consider the implications of this debate for Penan participation as citizens in Malaysian society.
ABSTRAK
Di tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini syarikat-syarikat balak telah pun memasuki kawasan yang didiami oleh kaum Penan Sarawak. Sejak tahun 1987 kaum Penan telah menentang aktiviti syarikat-syarikat dengan mendirikan penghalang- penghalang dan melibatkan diri dalam kegiatan-kegiatan di luar undang-undang awam. Dalam proses tersebut mereka telah menjadi seolah-olah cause celebre dikalangan pergerakan- pergerakan pemuliharaan hutan hujan tropika antarabangsa dan cuba campur tangan bagi pihak mereka. Campur tangan luar seperti ini, walaupun dialu-alukan oleh kaum Penan, tidak digemari oleh pegawai-pegawai Kerajaan. Makalah ini mengkaji bentuk retorik yang digunakan oleh tiga kelompok yang terlibat dalam perdebatan ini: (1) Kaum Penan itu sendiri, (2) pencinta alam barat, dan (3) Kerajaan Sarawak dan Kerajaan Persekutuan Malaysia. Tiap satunya telah 'mentafsir' kaum Penan, hutan hujan tropika tersebut dengan caranya yang tersendiri. Oleh kerana perbezaan dalam 'pentafsiran' ini dan perbezaan pendapat tentang maksud konsep seperti 'pemuliharaan' dan 'pembangunan'lah, pada sebahagiannya, maka usaha untuk menyelesaikan konflik ini tidak berjaya. Akhirnya, saya membincangkan implikasi perdebatan ini terhadap penglibatan kaum Penan sebagai warga dalam masyarakat Malaysia.
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