Pengukuran Kesejahteraan Hidup Orang Asli Menggunakan Indeks Kemiskinan Multidimensi (Mesuring the well-being of Orang Asli Using Multidinemsional Poverty Index)
Abstract
Kesejahteraan hidup merupakan suatu elemen keperluan individu dan masyarakat yang begitu subjektif. Ia merangkumi pengukuran kualiti hidup secara psikologi atau dalaman yang melibatkan pelbagai dimensi seperti kegembiraan, kepuasan hidup, kemampuan diri, keluarga, pekerjaan, perkahwinan, kesihatan, pendidikan dan sebagainya. Namun, dimensi-dimensi kesejahteraan hidup ini masih jauh untuk dicapai oleh masyarakat minoriti seperti Orang Asli berbanding masyarakat arus perdana. Orang Asli merupakan sebuah masyarakat yang paling mengalami kekurangan dari aspek sosioekonomi dan masih terpinggir di Malaysia. Pengukuran kemiskinan menerusi kaedah konvensional (uni-dimensi) dengan hanya menggunakan indikator pendapatan sebagai asas pengukuran garis kemiskinan adalah kurang tepat. Skop pengukuran kemiskinan perlu bersifat lebih komprehensif dalam mencerminkan tahap kemiskinan sebenar sesebuah masyarakat. Oleh itu, kajian ini dilakukan bagi mengenal pasti indikator kemiskinan yang dialami oleh masyarakat Orang Asli dan seterusnya membina indeks kemiskinan multidimensi (MPI) menggunakan parameter standard yang telah diperkenalkan oleh United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Berdasarkan tiga dimensi dan 10 indikator pengukuran yang digunakan terhadap 241 reponden Orang Asli, analisis multidimensi mendapati sebanyak 83% mengalami kekurangan dalam tamat persekolahan dan 49% lagi mengalami kekurangan dalam aset serta sumber sokongan kehidupan yang lain. Hasil kajian ini mendapati polisi semasa gagal dalam membasmi kemiskinan masyarakat Orang Asli. Pihak kerajaan seharusnya lebih memberi fokus dalam menyediakan aspek persekolahan yang lebih baik dan skil keusahawanan kepada masyarakat Orang Asli dalam menghadapi pembangunan ekonomi yang pesat di Malaysia. Kajian terhadap polisi amat diperlukan bagi memastikan kesemua masyarakat terpinggir mampu menyesuaikan diri dalam aktiviti ekonomi arus perdana bertepatan dengan Agenda 2030 iaitu bagi memastikan Malaysia menjadi sebuah negara dunia pertama.
Kata kunci: Orang Asli; kekurangan; sosioekonomi; kemiskinan multidimensi; sosial polisi
Abstract
The well-being of life is an indispensable element of the individual and society's needs. It includes the measurement of psychological or internal quality of life that involves various dimensions such as happiness, life satisfaction, self-worth, family, work, marriage, health, education and so on. However, these dimensions of well-being are still far to be achieved by minority communities such as the Indigenous people compared to mainstream society. The Orang Asli is the most socio-economically deprived and marginalized community in Malaysia. Measuring poverty through conventional method (uni-dimensional) which by simply using income indicator as a basis for measuring the poverty line is less accurate. The scope of poverty measurement needs to be more comprehensive in reflecting the actual poverty of the society. Thus, this study was conducted to identify the poverty indicator faced by the Orang Asli community and further to construct the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) using the standard parameters by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Based on three dimensions and 10 indicators the 241 Orang Asli respondents, the multidimensional analysis shows 83% are deprived of schooling and 49% are lacking of basic asset and livelihood support materials. This findings shows the current policy of poverty eradication among Orang Asli has failed. The government should focus on providing good education aspect and entrepreneurial skill for the Orang Asli in the face of rapid economic development in Malaysia. Policy research is essential to ensure that all marginalized communities are able to adapt to the current economic activity in line with Agenda 2030, to ensure that Malaysia becomes a first world country.
Keywords: Orang Asli; deprivation; socioeconomic; multidimensional poverty; social policy
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