Penglibatan Awam Sebagai Pembuat Keputusan Dalam Rancangan Tempatan Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan (Public Participation as a Decision Maker in Local Plans at Local Authority)
Abstract
Kajian ini menghujahkan bahawa tahap penglibatan awam yang rendah dan kurang menggalakkan dalam aspek penyediaan Rancangan Tempatan (RT) yang mempengaruhi tahap dan keputusan terhadap perancangan pembangunan di peringkat Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan (PBT). Oleh yang demikian, kajian ini adalah menganalisis tahap penglibatan awam sebagai pembuat keputusan dalam RT dengan memilih Majlis Daerah Kuala Langat (MDKL) sebagai kawasan kajian. Kaedah yang digunakan dalam kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kuantitatif dan soal-selidik. Soal-selidik telah dibangunkan berasaskan empat tema utama penglibatan awam iaitu kehadiran di program/proses bantahan awal, keaktifan dalam memberikan input/cadangan, penglibatan dalam mewujudkan RT dan penglibatan meluluskan perancangan di dalam RT. Empat tema ini mempunyai lapan item yang mewakili lapan tangga penglibatan Arnstein. Kaedah analisis data menggunakan Skor Interval dan Tipologi Arnstein dan statistik deskriptif dengan menggunakan perisian SPSS. Kaedah peratusan digunakan bagi melihat jumlah setiap skor untuk setiap tema. Seramai 384 responden telah dipilih bagi mewakili populasi di MDKL, Selangor. Hasil kajian keseluruhan mendapati, tahap penglibatan awam di MDKL adalah berada di tahap perundingan dengan skor sebanyak 1691. Melalui perbincangan telah menunjukkan penglibatan awam penduduk di Daerah Kuala Langat belum lagi mencapai tahap yang optimal dan keputusan dalam RT di MDKL masih bersifat atas ke bawah iaitu dari pihak kerajaan sepenuhnya manakala pihak penduduk hanya mengikut kehendak perancangan tersebut. Ini juga bermakna bahawa aspek komunikasi dua hala antara penduduk dan pihak PBT masih lagi rendah dan kurang berkesan. Kesannya, ia mestilah diberikan tindakan sewajarnya agar proses penyediaan RT untuk masa depan penduduk dengan mengambil kira penglibatan awam sepenuhnya sebelum dilaksanakan.
Kata kunci: Penglibatan Awam; Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan; Rancangan Tempatan; Komunikasi; Pembuat Keputusan.
Abstract
This study explains how low and ineffective public participation in relation to local planning (RT) preparation influences decisions related to local development at the local authority level. This study was conducted to examine the level of public participation in decision-making in local planning; Kuala Langat District Council (MDKL) was selected as the study’s target location. The approaches adopted for this study were a quantitative approach and a survey. The survey was established based on the four main themes of public participation: attendance in the early objection process, activeness in providing input/feedback, involvement in RT establishment, and involvement in approving the plans for RT. These four themes contained eight items that represent the eight ladders in Arnstein's public participation. The data analysis used interval scores, Arnstein typology scores, and descriptive statistics using SPSS software. Percentage analysis was used to determine the percentage total of each score for each theme. A total of 384 respondents were selected to represent the population in MDKL, Selangor. The overall result reveals that the level of public participation in MDKL is at the consultation level with a score of 1691. The discussion reveals that public participation in Kuala Langat District has not reached its optimal level and decisions in local planning are still based on a top-down approach where the government finalises decisions, whereas locals follow the decisions being made. This also means that two-way communication between government and locals is still at a low and ineffective level. Consequently, appropriate actions must be taken so that the preparation process of future local planning and development includes public participation; this should be taken into consideration before plans are enforced.
Keywords: Public Participation, Local Authority, Local Plan, Communication, Decision Maker.
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