Peralihan Bahasa dalam Kalangan Dua Generasi Cham Malaysia (Language Shift among Two-Generation of Malaysian Cham)
Abstract
Peralihan bahasa merupakan situasi yang memperlihatkan masyarakat secara keseluruhannya memilih untuk menggunakan bahasa asing dengan lebih kerap dan berterusan sehingga menjejaskan bahasa ibunda. Isu peralihan bahasa sering berlaku dalam kalangan minoriti terutamanya mereka yang berhijrah ke dalam masyarakat multilingual. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan mengkaji peralihan bahasa dalam domain kekeluargaan masyarakat Cham yang telah berhijrah ke Malaysia berdasarkan analisis domain penggunaan bahasa dan teori mobiliti sosial. Kajian ini dilakukan di dua kampung Cham di Ulu Tiram Johor. Sebanyak enam belas informan yang berusia dalam lingkungan 12-64 tahun terlibat dalam kajian ini yang terdiri daripada lapan orang generasi pertama dan lapan orang generasi kedua. Data kajian diperoleh melalui kerja lapangan dengan melakukan temu bual bersemuka separa berstruktur. Semua temu bual dirakam dengan izin informan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa domain kekeluargaan tidak mampu mengekalkan bahasa Cham apabila sebahagian besar informan menggunakan bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa yang dominan sesama ahli keluarga. Empat informan generasi kedua pula telah beralih sepenuhnya daripada bahasa Cham kepada bahasa Melayu. Faktor mobiliti sosial, iaitu keetnikan, perubahan etnik dan nasionalisme wilayah telah menyumbang kepada peralihan bahasa Cham. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa peralihan bahasa Cham telah bermula seawal generasi kedua tetapi belum lagi mencapai skala yang menyeluruh. Oleh itu, usaha pelestarian bahasa Cham wajar dilakukan agar bahasa Cham terus kekal di Malaysia.
Kata kunci: Peralihan bahasa; bahasa Cham; domain; mobiliti sosial; generasi
Abstract
Language shift is a situation in which society use foreign languages more frequently and consistently, thus affecting their mother tongue. The issue of language shift often occurs among minorities, especially those who migrate into multilingual communities. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the language shift in the family domain within the Cham community, who had migrated to Malaysia, based on the analysis of language use domain and social mobility theory. The study was conducted in two Cham settlements located in Ulu Tiram, Johor. A total of sixteen informants, aged between 12-64 years, consisting of eight first-generation and eight second-generation people, participated in this study. The data were obtained through fieldwork using face to face semi-structured interviews. All interviews were recorded with the participants’ permission. The results showed that the family domain was not able to maintain the Cham language as most of the participants used the Malay language as the dominant language among their family members. Four second-generation participants had completely shifted from the Cham language to the Malay language. The social mobility factors of ethnicity, ethnic movement and geographical nationalism have contributed to the shift of the Cham language. This study concludes that the shift in the Cham language occurs as early as the second-generation but has not reached a whole scale yet. Therefore, efforts to revitalize the Cham language should be done to maintain the language in Malaysia.
Keywords: Language shift; Cham language; domain; social mobility; generation
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