Amalan Penggunaan Racun Perosak Dalam Kalangan Pesawah Di Pulau Pinang (Pesticide Use’s Behaviour among Farmers at Pulau Pinang)
Abstract
Mendapatkan maklumat mengenai pengetahuan dan kesedaran risiko penggunaan racun perosak dalam kalangan pesawah amat penting bagi mengurangkan risikonya terhadap alam sekitar dan kesihatan. Oleh itu, satu kajian kuantitatif dijalankan ke atas 360 pesawah Pulau Pinang menggunakan borang soal selidik melalui kaedah persampelan bertujuan. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tahap pengetahuan mengenai risiko racun perosak terhadap alam sekitar dan kesihatan, tahap kesedaran mengenai penggunaan racun perosak dan menilai hubungan di antara faktor sosiodemografi dan pengetahuan terhadap kesedaran. Hasil analisis diskriptif menunjukkan tahap kesedaran pesawah dari aspek penggunaan racun perosak adalah sederhana (skor 2.35 ±1.03) walaupun tahap pengetahuan mereka mengenai risiko racun perosak terhadap alam sekitar dan kesihatan adalah tinggi (skor 3.63 ±1.55). Pesawah mempunyai kesedaran yang tinggi mengenai larangan penggunaan racun perosak berbahaya (skor 3.29 ±2.38) manakala kesedaran mereka adalah rendah mengenai pelupusan bekas racun perosak (skor 1.59 ±2.34). Hal ini telah didorong oleh faktor pengetahuan mereka yang sederhana mengenai kewujudan residu racun perosak dipersekitaran (skor 2.43 ±2.50). Kesimpulannya, pihak kerajaan perlu memberi penekanan berkaitan program pendidikan yang berterusan, latihan pengurusan dan pengendalian selamat racun perosak serta pemberian insentif harus diberikan kepada pesawah yang kurang berpendidikan dan kurang berpengalaman khususnya pesawah belia manakala pengurangan cukai alam sekitar dan insentif diberi kepada pesawah yang mengusahakan tanaman padi dalam skala besar.
Kata kunci: Pertanian lestari; Penilaian Risiko; Pembangunan Lestari; Pengurusan Persekitaran; Racun Perosak
Abstract
The knowledge and awareness of the risks of pesticides use among farmers is crucial in obtaining relevant information to reduce the pesticide risks on the environment and human health. Evaluation of knowledge and awareness about the risks of pesticides use on the environment and human health have been carried out on 360 farmers in Penang using questionnaires through purposive sampling. The objectives of this study were to find out the level of knowledge about pesticide risks on the environment and health, the level of awareness of pesticide use and the relationship between sociodemographic factors and knowledge with awareness. Descriptive analysis showed that the level of awareness of pesticides use was moderate (score 2.35 ± 1.03) although their level of knowledge about pesticide risk on environment and health was high (3.63 ± 1.55). Awareness about prohibition and harmful pesticides was high (score 3.29 ± 2.38) while about the pesticide disposal containers was low (score 1.59 ± 2.34). This was driven by their moderate knowledge of the availability of pesticide residues in the environment (score 2.43 ± 2.50). In conclusion, government needs to emphasize on continuing education programs, management of training in safe pesticides handling and incentives should be given to the less educated and less experience farmers especially youth farmers while the reduction environment taxes should be given to the large scale cultivation farmers.
Keywords: Environmental management; Pesticide; Risk assessment; Sustainable development; Sustainable farming
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abhilash, P.C. & Singh, N. 2009. Pesticide use and application: An Indian scenario. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 165(1-3), 1-12.
Agnihotri, N.P. 2000. Pesticide consumption in agriculture in India – An update.Pesticide Research Journal,12(1), 150–155.
Alavanja, M.C.R., Samanic, C., Dosemeci, M., Lubin, J., Tarone, R., Lynch, C.F., Knott, C., Thomas, K., Hoppin, J.A., Barker, J., Coble, J., Sandler, D.P. & Blair, A. 2003. Use of agricultural pesticides and prostate cancer risk in the agricultural health study cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157(9), 800–814.
Al-zain, B.F. & Mosalami, J. 2014. Pesticides Usage, Perceptions, Practices and Health Effects among Farmers in North Gaza , Palestine. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 4(6), 17–22.
Begum, M., Juraimi, A.S., Rajan, A. & Syed Omar, S.R. 2005. Weed vegetation of direct seeded ricefields in Muda granary area of Peninsular Malaysia. Pakistan J. Bio. Sci. 8:537-541.
Blair, A., Zahm, S.H., Pearce, N.E., Heineman, E.F., Faumeni, J.F. 1992. Clues to cancer etiology from studies of farmers. Scand J. Work Environ Health 19,
Damalas, C.A. & Koutroubas, S.D. 2016. Farmers’ exposure to pesticides: Toxicity types and ways of prevention. Toxics, 4(1), 1–10.
Dellavalle, C.T., Hoppin, J.A., Hines, C.J., Andreotti, G. & Alavanja, M.C.R. 2012. Risk-Accepting Personality and Personal Protective Equipment Use Within the Agricultural Health Study, 264–276.
FAO. 2011. Water pollution from agriculture: a global review Executive summary Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7754e.pdf.
Gesesew, H.A., Woldemichael, K., Massa, D. & Mwanri, L. 2016. Farmers knowledge, attitudes, practices and health problems associated with pesticide use in rural irrigation villages, Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE, 11(9), 1–13.
Guangxue, L. & Yuerong, Z. 2002. Concerns and strategy of China’s pesticide application. Pesticide Science and Management, 2, 30-31.
Ho, N.K. & Md. Zuki, I. 1988. Weed population change from transplanted to direct seeded rice in the Muda area. In Proceedings of the Nation Seminar and Workshop on Rice Field Weed Management. Penang. Malaysia (pp. 55-67).
Ho, N.K. 1991. Comparative ecological studies of weed flora in irrigated ricefields in the Muda area. M. Sc. Thesis. School of Biological Sci., University Sains Malaysia.
Houbraken, M., Bauweraerts, I., Fevery, D., Van Labeke, M.C., & Spanoghe, P. 2016. Pesticide knowledge and practice among horticultural workers in the Lâm Dông region, Vietnam: A case study of chrysanthemum and strawberries. Science of the Total Environment, 550, 1001–1009.
Hygnstrom, J.R., Manager, P., Ogg, C.L., Educator, E., Alberts, C.A. & Coordinator, P. 2017. Respirators for Handling Pesticides, (October), 1–8.
Ibitayo, O.O. 2006. Egyptian farmers’ attitudes and behaviors regarding agricultural pesticides: Implications for pesticide risk communication. Risk Analysis, 26(4), 989–995.
Ismail, S., Noor Faezah, Z. & Ho, N.K. 1995. Weed population and their buried seeds in the ricefields of the Muda area, Kedah, Malaysia. Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 18(1):21-28.
Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia. 2019. Kawalan racun perosak. http://www.doa.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/577?mid=267.
Jallow, M.F.A., Awadh, D.G., Albaho, M.S., Devi, V.Y. & Thomas, B.M. 2017. Pesticide knowledge and safety practices among farm workers in Kuwait: Results of a survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(4).
Jensen, H.K., Konradsen, F., Jørs, E., Petersen, J.H. & Dalsgaard, A. 2011. Pesticide Use and Self-Reported Symptoms of Acute Pesticide Poisoning among Aquatic Farmers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.Journal of Toxicology,vol. 2011, Article ID 639814.
John, E.M. & Shaike, J.M. 2015. Chlorpyrifos : pollution and remediation. Environmental Chemistry Letters.
Kamel, F., Engel, L.S., Gladen, B.C., Hoppin, J.A., Alavanja, M.C., Sandler, D.P. 2005. Neurologic symptoms in licensed private pesticide applicators in the agricultural health study. Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 877–882.
Karunamoorthi, K., Mohammed, M. & Wassie, F. 2012. Knowledge and practices of farmers with reference to pesticide management: Implications on human health. Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health, 67(2), 109–116.
Keifer, M.C. 2000. Effectiveness of interventions in reducing pesticide overexposure and poisonings. poisonings. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 18, 80–89.
Kishi, M., Hirschhorn, N., Djajadisastra, M., Satterlee, L.N., Strowman, S. & Dilts, R. 1995. Relationship of pesticide spraying to signs and symptoms in Indonesian farmers. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 21(2), 124–133.
Krejcie, R.V. & Morgan, D.W. 1970. Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.
Li, H., Fu, X. & Wu, X. 2007. Farmers’ will in safely applying pesticide and its impacts: A study on 214 farms of Guanghan City, Sichuan Province. Agricultural Technology and Economy, 5, 99-104.
Matthews, G.A. 2008. Attitudes and behaviours regarding use of crop protection products-A survey of more than 8500 smallholders in 26 countries. Crop Protection, 27(3–5), 834–846.
Mekonnen, Y. & Agonafir, T. 2002. Pesticide sprayers’ knowledge, attitude and practice of pesticide use on agricultural farms of Ethiopia. Occupational Medicine, 52(6), 311–315.
Murad, M.W., Mustapha, N.H.N., Siwar, C. 2008. Review of Malaysian agricultural policies with regards to sustainability. Am. J. Environ. Sci. 4(6): 608-614
Parveen, S. 2010. Rice farmers’ knowledge about the effects of pesticides on environmental pollution in Bangladesh. Bangladesh research publication journal,3(4)(2010), pp.1214-1227.
Recena, M. & Caldas, E. 2008. Risk perception, attitudes and practices on pesticide use among farmers of a city in Midwestern Brazil. Revista de Saúde Pública, 42, 294–301.
Recena, M.C.P., Caldas, E.D., Pires, D.X. & Pontes, E.R.J.C. 2006. Pesticides exposure in Culturama, Brazil-Knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Environmental Research, 102(2), 230–236.
Rother, H.A. 2005. Risk perception, risk communication, and the effectiveness of pesticide labels in communicating hazards to South African farm workers. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, UMI, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Salvatore, A.L., Bradman, A., Castorina, R., López, J., Barr, D.B., Snyder, J., Jewell, N.P. & Eskenazi, B. 2008. NIH Public Access, 51(10), 782–794.
Seok, S.J., Gil, H.W., Jeong, D.S., Yang, J.O., Lee, E.Y. & Hong, S.Y. 2009. Paraquat intoxication in subjects who attempt suicide: Why they chose paraquat. Korean Journal of Internal Medicine, 24(3), 247–251.
Shammi, M., Sultana, A., Hasan, N., Mostafizur Rahman, M., Saiful Islam, M., Bodrud-Doza, M. & Khabir Uddin, M. 2018. Pesticide exposures towards health and environmental hazard in Bangladesh: A case study on farmers’ perception. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences.
Watanabe, H., Azmi, M. & Md. Zuki, I. 1996. Ecology of weedy rice rice (Oryza sativa L., locally called padi angin rice) and its control strategy: Ecology of major weeds and their control in direct seeding rice culture of Malaysia. Some experiences in the Muda area. MARDI.
Wiles, R., Cohen, B., Campbell, C., Alderkin, S. 1994. Tap Water Blues. Herbicides in Drinking Water. Environmental Working Group and Physicians for Social Responsibility, Washington, DC.
Yang, X., Wang, F., Meng, L., Zhang, W., Fan, L., Geissen, V. & Ritsema, C.J. 2014. Farmer and retailer knowledge and awareness of the risks from pesticide use: A case study in the Wei River catchment, China. Science of The Total Environment, 497–498, 172–179.
Yeong, S.T., Elton, L., Johan, B., Amin, M.A., Cummins, J., Alias Radam, Mohd Mansor Ismail & Suryani Darham. 2012. Adoption rate of sustainable agricultural practices: A focus on Malaysia’s vegetable sector for research implications. African Journal of Agricultural Research 7 (19): 2901-2909.
Zainal Abidin Abdul Hamid. (2012). Sikap dan persepsi petani terhadap penggunaan herbisid di Kawasan Pengairan Muda, Kedah. Persidangan Kebangsaan Pembangunan Dan Pendidikan Lestari 2012, (September), 1–10.
Zhou, B. 2007. Study of rice farmers pesticide application behaviour and attitude: A case study based on surveys of rice farmers in Taizhou. Unpublished master’s thesis, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Province, China.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
ISSN: 0126-5008
eISSN: 0126-8694