Pembentukan Etos Nasional Belia Malaysia: Wadah Pembinaan Negara-Bangsa (National Ethos Formation of Malaysian Youth: Medium for Building a Nation State)
Abstract
Persoalan etos nasional sebagai suatu wadah dalam pembinaan negara-bangsa kurang dibahaskan dalam kalangan sarjana. Dari itu, makalah ini akan mengupas perspektif pembinaan negara-bangsa dari sudut etos nasional sebagai suatu dimensi yang perlu diteliti dalam mencorak pembentukan sesebuah bangsa. Etos nasional merujuk kepada watak, karakter, sikap, etika, keperibadian dan keyakinan atas sesuatu perkara yang dapat menggambarkan ciri-ciri semangat yang dikongsi bersama oleh ahli-ahli masyarakat. Dengan wujudnya etos nasional dalam diri individu, maka ia dapat menggambarkan tentang sentimen kenegaraan yang berpaksikan kepada platform nasional. Sehubungan itu, secara spesifiknya makalah ini mengaplikasikan takrif etos nasional sebagai ciri-ciri unik masyarakat setempat yang mengikat seseorang individu dengan individu yang lain, dan yang mengikat individu dengan negara. Ciri-ciri unik tersebut merangkumi empat dimensi utama iaitu nilai, perasaan dan semangat, kepercayaan dan identiti. Ciri-ciri unik etos nasional tersebut menjadi wadah utama dalam proses pembinaan negara-bangsa Malaysia yang terdiri dari pelbagai etnik. Golongan yang seringkali mendapat tumpuan apabila membahaskan tentang proses pembinaan negara-bangsa ialah golongan belia. Ini kerana mereka adalah tulang belakang dan tunjang bangsa pada masa hadapan. Kejayaan membangunkan golongan belia menjadi penanda aras utama kejayaan pembangunan negara-bangsa pada hari muka. Kajian ini mendapati empat dimensi utama iaitu nilai, perasaan dan semangat, kepercayaan serta identiti telah membentuk suatu ikatan yang kuat antara individu dengan individu yang lain, dan di antara individu dengan negara khususnya dalam kalangan belia yang dikaji. Oleh yang demikian, dalam merealisasikan pembinaan negara-bangsa Malaysia, etos nasional menjadi wadah yang perlu dipupuk dalam diri setiap individu khususnya golongan belia yang masih tercari-cari jati diri mereka.
Kata kunci: Negara-bangsa; etos nasional; kenegaraan; multietnik; belia Malaysia.
Abstract
The issue of national ethos as a medium for building a nation state is less debated among the scholars. Hence, this article will examine the perspective of building a nation-state from the national ethos point of view as a dimension that needs to be carefully studied in shaping the formation of a nation. National ethos refers to the character, attitude, ethics, personality and confidence in the matters that can describe the characteristics of the spirit which shared by members of society. With the existence of a national ethos in the individuals, it can reflect the sentiments of nationhood that centered on the national platform. Accordingly, this paper is specifically applies the definition of national ethos as a unique characteristics of the local community that binds one individual with another individual, and that binds the individuals to the state. These unique characteristics encompass four main dimensions namely values, feelings and spirits, beliefs and identities. The unique characteristics of the national ethos become the main medium in the building process of a multi-ethnic Malaysian nation. The community who often get the attention when debating on the process of nation-building are the youth groups. This is because they are the backbone of the nation in the future. The successful of developing the youth groups is the main benchmark for the success of a nation-state development in the future. This study found that the four main dimensions, namely values, feelings and spirits, beliefs and identities have formed a strong bond between individuals and other individuals, and between individuals and the country, especially among the youths being studied. Therefore, in realizing the building of the Malaysian nation-state, the national ethos has become a medium that needs to be nurtured in every individuals, especially the youth groups who are still searching for their identity.
Keywords: Nation-state; national ethos; nationhood; multiethnic; Malaysian youth.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdul Rahman Embong. 2006. Negara-bangsa: Proses dan Perbahasan. Edisi Kedua. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Abdul Rashid Moten dan Syed Serajul Islam. 2006. Introduction to Political Science. 2nd Edition. Singapore: Thomson Learning.
Adey, P. 2012. How to engage? Assemblage as ethos/ethos as assemblage. Dialogues in Human Geography 2(2): 198-201.
Allder, M. 1993. The meaning of ‘school ethos’. Westminster Studies in Education 16: 59-69.
Anderson, B. 1996. Imagined Communities: Reflection on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Bar-Tal, D. 2000. Shared Beliefs in a Society: Social Psychological Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
Bragg, S. & Manchester, H. 2011. Creativity, school ethos and the creative partnerships programme. Laporan penyelidikan evaluation of the nature and impact of the creative partnerships programme on school ethos. The Open University.
Burchard, D. J. H. O’S. 2005. Ethos, ethics and endeavors: New horizons in family nursing. Journal of Family Nursing 11(4): 354-370.
Churchill, G. A. 1995. Marketing Research Methodological Foundation (6th ed.) Orlando, Florida: The Dryden Press.
Collins, J.T. & Zaharani Ahmad. 1999. The Malay language and ethnic identity in modern Malaysia. Akademika 55(Julai): 133-148.
Donnelly, C. 2000. In pursuit of school ethos. British Journal of Educational Studies 48(2): 134–154.
Eisner, E. 1994. Editorial in School Climate and Ethos Conference Report. Dundee: Scottish Consultative Council on The Curriculum.
Epstein, A. 1978. Ethos and Identity: Three Studies in Ethnicity. London: Tavistock Publications.
Etzioni, A. 2009. Minorities and the national ethos. Politics 29(2): 100-110.
Ezhar Tamam, Wendy Yee, Fazilah Idris, Azimi Hamzah, Zainal Abidin Mohamed, Wong Su Luan dan Mansor Mohd Noor. 2005. The relationship of exposure to news media with attachment to the national ethos. Pertanika Journal Social Sciences & Humanities 13(2): 187-198.
Fazilah Idris, Khadijah Muda & Khairul Anwar Mastor. 2019. Pembentukan model toleransi beragama belia pelbagai etnik di Malaysia. Akademika 89(2): 33-42.
Foucault, M. 1984. What is enlightenment? Terj. Porter, C. Dlm. The Essential Works of Foulcault: 1954 - 1984. Rabinow, P. (pnyt.). Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth. Volume I. New York: New Press.
Frobish, T. S. 2003. An origin of a theory: A comparison of ethos in the Homeric Iliad with that found in Aristotle's rhetoric. Rhetoric Review 22(1): 16-30.
Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
Giddens, A. 1985. The Nation-state and Violence. A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Vol.2. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. 2010. Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Heywood, A. 2000. Key concepts in politics. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Hippler, J. 2005. Violent Conflict, Conflict Prevention and Nation-building – Terminology and Political Concepts. Dlm. J. Hippler (Eds.). Nation-building: A Key Concept for Peaceful Conflict Transformation? London: Pluto Press.
Krejcie, R. V. & Morgan, D. W. 1970. Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychology Measurement. 30(3).
Linz, J. J. 1993. State Building and Nation-Building. European Review, Vol. 1(4). 355-369.
Lomsky-Feder, E. & Rapoport, T. 2001. Homecoming, immigration and the national ethos: Russian – Jewish homecomers reading Zionism. Anthropological Quarterly 74(1): 1-14.
Mahathir Mohamad. 1991. Malaysia Melangkah Ke Hadapan. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Percetakan Negara.
Mahathir Mohamad. 1992. Towards a United Malaysian Nation. Speech at the United Malaysian Nation by the year 2020 Dinner, Kuala Lumpur, 31 Januari 1992. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Penerangan.
Majid Al-Haj. 2005. National Ethos, Multicultural Education and the New History Textbooks In Israel. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Mansor Mohd Noor. 2012. Kerencaman Sosial dan Penipisan Batas Etnik: Kepelbagaian Etnik dan Perkongsian Hidup Bersama di Malaysia. Siri Syarahan Umum Perdana. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Mansor Mohd Noor dan Shamsul Amri Baharuddin. 2005. Transformasi Perhubungan Etnik di Malaysia. Dlm. Mansor Mohd Noor (pnyt.). Integrasi Etnik di Institut Pengajian Tinggi Awam. Institut Penyelidikan Tinggi Negara, Universiti Sains Malaysia. Monograf 6. 17-27.
Mansor Mohd Noor, Abdul Rahman Abdul Aziz & Mohamad Ainuddin Iskandar Lee. 2006. Hubungan Etnik di Malaysia. Petaling Jaya: Prentice Hall.
McCelland, S. 1994. Training needs assessment data-gathering methods: Part 4, survey questionnaire. Journal of European Industrial Training, 18(5), 22-26.
McClosky, H. & Brill, A. 1983. Dimensions of Tolerance: What Americans Believe about Civil Liberties. New York: Russell Sage Foundations.
McClosky, H. & Zaller, J. 1984. The American Ethos: Public Attitudes Toward Capitalism and Democracy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
McLaughlin, T. 2005. The educative importance of ethos. British Journal of Educational Studies 53(3): 306-325.
Miller, D. 2003. Political Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mohd Ainuddin Iskandar Lee Abdullah, Abdul Rahman Abdul Aziz, Mohd. Sobhi Ishak & Malike Brahim. 2006. Laporan Kajian Nilai-Nilai Kenegaraan dalam kalangan Pelatih-Pelatih Khidmat Negara Siri Empat. Laporan Penyelidikan. Pusat Penyelidikan dan Perundingan, Universiti Utara Malaysia.
Mohd Mahadee Ismail. 2013. Etos Bangsa dan Pembinaan Negara-Bangsa: Analisis Pelatih Program Latihan Khidmat Negara. Dlm. Pue Giok Hun (Pnyt.). Menyelusuri Cabaran Kepelbagaian: Pengalaman Malaysia Terkini. Siri Kertas Kajian Etnik UKM Bil. 30: 105-142.
Mohd Mahadee Ismail. 2015. Sosialisasi Politik, Etos Nasional dan Negara-Bangsa: Kajian Pendidikan Sivik dan Program Latihan Khidmat Negara (PLKN) dalam kalangan Mahasiswa Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Tesis Dr. Falsafah, Institut Kajian Etnik, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Mohd Mahadee Ismail, Azlina Abdullah, Nor Azlili Hassan & Mohd Sabri Md Nor. 2020. Perkembangan politik era Malaysia baharu: Pandangan eksklusif belia terpelajar. Akademika 90(Isu Khas 1): 161-174.
Nazri Muslim & Azizi Umar. 2017. Malay Royal institutions according to the Federal Constitution within the context of ethnic relations in Malaysia. Akademika 87(1): 35-48.
Nor Hashimah Jalaluddin, Shamsul Amri Baharuddin, Mustafa Omar & Mansor Mohd. Noor. 2004. Identiti nasional dan etos bangsa. Dewan Budaya 26(8): 9-13.
Nor Hashimah Jalaluddin, Shamsul Amri Baharuddin, Mustafa Omar & Mansor Mohd. Noor. 2003. Pengasimilasian identiti nasional dan etos bangsa di kalangan rakyat Malaysia: Satu kajian sosio-budaya. Laporan Penyelidikan. Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Oren, N. 2009. The Israeli Ethos of Conflict 1967-2006. George Mason University: Institute For Conflict Analysis and Resolution.
Penrose, J. 2009. Nation. Dlm. Rob Kitchin dan Nigel Thrift (Eds.). International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Vol. 7. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd.
Rotberg, R. 1966. Africa nationalism: Concept of confusion. Journal of Modern Africa Studies 4(1): 33-46.
Rustam A. Sani. 1975. Melayu raya as a Malay ‘nation of intent’. Dlm. H.M. Dahlan (pnyt.). The Nascent Society. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Sekaran, U. 2000. Research Methods for Business: A Skill -Building Approach (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Shamsul Amri Baharuddin. 1966. Nation-of-Intent in Malaysia. Dlm. Stein Tonnesson dan Hans Antoev (Eds.). Asian Forms of the Nation. London: Curzon Press. 323-347.
Shamsul Amri Baharuddin. 2011. Kesepaduan Dalam Kepelbagaian: Perpaduan di Malaysia sebagai work-in-progress. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Schwaninger, M. 2006. Intelligent Organizations Powerful Models for Systemic Management. Berlin: Springer.
Swenson, D. 2008. Religion and Family Link. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
Vejai Balasubramaniam. 1997. Nasionalisme dalam pembentukan sebuah negara persekutuan: Wacana teoretikal berdasarkan pengalaman Malaysia. Akademika 51(Julai): 23 -51
Yong Hie Hie & Ku Hasnita Ku Samsu. 2019. Sikap negatif guru sebagai penghalang kepada pembentukan perpaduan etnik di sekolah. Akademika 89(1): 149-159.
Zikmund, W. G. 2003. Business Research Method (8th ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
ISSN: 0126-5008
eISSN: 0126-8694