Critical urbanisation transitions in Malaysia: the challenge of rising Bernam to Linggi basin extended mega urban region

Abstract

A three phase urbanisation transition is proposed to capture the urbanisation path shown by urban behaviour in the country; namely the phases of nascent, pseudo and the rise of the extended mega urban region. It is recognised that modern urban centres in the country were founded by the British administration of the country as from the 18th century, albeit the existence of the Melaka empire in earlier centuries. These urban centres were mainly administrative centres to administer law and order in order to sustain the exploitation of tin and rubber production, in addition to the provision of goods and services. Urban life in these centres were generally ‘foreign’ to the conception of life of the local people who participated marginally in the market economy controlled by British capital. The second urbanisation transition is the shift from the nascent urbanisation phase moving into the phase of what we have been widely referring to as the pseudo-urbanisation phase, taking place roughly after the end of World War II, when the country witnessed the movements of rural youths, dominantly males at first, to seek jobs in the limited and fragmented urban labour markets. Urban poverty was rampant. The third critical transition to the urbanisation experience of Malaysia lies in the outcome of the New Economic Policy (NEP), 1970 and the subsequent development policies after the NEP. The development policies, strategies, programs and activities produced widespread social, economic, environmental and spatial changes, seen in the growing extended mega urban region, stretching from the Bernam river basin on the Perak-Selangor border to the Linggi river basin bordering Negeri Sembilan and Melaka.

Keywords: Urbanisation transition, nascent and pseudo urbanisation experiences, mega urban region, urban life, mega urban problems

ABSTRAK

Alur proses pembandaran di Malaysia boleh dilihat dalam tiga fasa peralihan, iaitu fasa pembandaran permulaan (nascent), fasa pembandaran pseudo dan fasa pengembangan bandar sehingga membentuk perluasan bandar mega. Sudah diterima bahawa pusat bandar moden Negara diwujudkan oleh pentadbiran Inggeris sejak kurun ke-18, walaupun kesultanan Melaka dengan perdagangannya sudah ternama lebih awal lagi. Pusat bandar tersebut merupakan pusat pentadbiran bagi menjamin ketenteraman awam and menjadi tumpuan pelabur Inggeris untuk melombong bijih timah dan penanaman getah, selain menjual barangan keperluan. Cara hidup bandar adalah asing dari pengalaman penduduk setempat. Penyertaan mereka juga adalah pinggiran sahaja, melainkan pembesar setempat. Fasa kedua dalam alur pembandaran itu adalah proses pembandaran pseudo, muncul selepas peperangan dunia kedua, yang rata rata menjelmakan kemiskinan tegar, khasnya di kalangan migran dari desa yang datang memperdagangkan tenaga tanpa kemahiran, relevan kepada keperluan pekerjaan di bandar. Kawasan setinggan dan sesak menjadi tumpuan. Justeru kehidupan mereka pun jauh ketinggalan. Fasa ketiga kelihatan berkembang selepas Dasar Ekonomi Baru (1970) yang berlaku dari pembukaan Negara kepada pelaburan langsung luar. Perindustrian untuk eksport dan limpahan pembangunan sejak itu telah menggalakkan pertumbuhan dan perluasan kawasan terbandar sehingga membentuk kawasan perbandaran mega, satu-satunya menganjur dari lembah Bernam di utara –Tanjung Malim, menganjur ke lembah Linggi di selatan, Negeri Sembilan dan Melaka.

Kata kunci: Transisi perbandaran; fasa pembandaran permulaan (nascent) dan pseudo; kawasan pembandaran mega; kehidupan bandar; masalah pembandaran mega