Viewing urban expansion from below: the complexity of sustainable urban growth
Abstract
The approach taken in looking at change influences the understanding of the phenomenon. A pattern of change that seems smooth and linear at a smaller scale might yield fluctuations that can only be perceived at a larger scale, closer to ground zero. Viewing change at the local level can provide tipping points and critical transitions that are hidden in the more general pattern and such detailed incremental approach to urbanisation allows one to understand why, given the same set of drivers, some areas seem to prosper while others lag far behind. This paper views urban expansion as a culmination of local level activities that emerge into a complex network of urban growth. Daily decison making by individuals in the city about owning a house. These decisions eventually produce the spatial-temporal patterns of life in the Malaysian cities. These are then visualised in the patterns of land use, housing spread, commercial and others. These patterns are the outcome of inter-related workings of global capitalism with local ones and the local ‘adat’- the way of life. The article argues that effective planning for the urban expansion needs to be viewed from the local scene. The various local scenarios are then built up incrementally over space and time to produce a region wide explanation of urbanisation. This is, again, an alternate viewing of regional analysis that traditionally looks at the local as merely being a component of the larger region, differentiated by local attributes that create local shifts that skew its share of the regional trend.
Keywords: Complexity; housing livability; critical transition; urban sustainability; urban livability
ABSTRAK
Pendekatan yang diambil bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh-pengaruh perubahan bagi memahami sesuatu fenomena. Satu corak perubahan yang kelihatan sama dan linear pada satu skala kecil mungkin menghasilkan sesuatu yang hanya boleh diterima pada satu skala besar, yang menghampiri kepada ground zero. Pemerhatian terhadap perubahan pada peringkat tempatan boleh menyediakan satu tanda dan peralihan-peralihan kritikal yang tersembunyi di dalam pola umum. Pendekatan tokokan yang terperinci terhadap sistem perbandaran membenarkan seseorang memahami kenapa ia terjadi, lalu memberikan kemudahan di mana terdapat kawasan yang semakin maju sementara ada juga kawasan yang ketinggalan jauh ke belakang. Makalah ini memberi pandangan tentang bagaimana kegiatan tempatan dapat menyumbang kepada perkembangan bandar yang kompleks. Pengembangan bandar di Malaysia dapat dikesani seawal tahun 1890 dan isu-isu peralihan dalam perbandaran Malaysia termasuk fasa-fasa pengalaman perbandaran, kenaikan kawasan-kawasan bandar mega, dan keperluan cara baru untuk melihat proses tersebut melalui keputusan harian yang dibuat oleh setiap individu di bandar berkenaan. Keputusan-keputusan tersebut secara tidak langsung mengeluarkan corak sementara spatial bandar-bandar Malaysia. Hal ini dapat dilihat melalui corak-corak penggunaan tanah, perkembangan kawasan perumahan, pengiklanan dan lain-lain. Corak-coraknya adalah dinamik dan sering berubah- ubah mengikut masa bergantung kepada arus pemerintahan ketika itu. Para pemerintah; bergilir-gilir menawarkan pekerjaan yang melibatkan kapitalisme global dengan orang tempatan, dan memahami adat tempatan sebagai salah satu gaya hidup. Makalah ini membincangkan perancangan perkembangan bandar yang berkesan dengan melihatnya dari pemerhatian setempat. Kepelbagaian senario tempatan telah dibina dan bertambah dengan pesat mengikut ruang dan waktu untuk menjanakan suatu kawasan yang luas sebagai penjelasan untuk kawasan perbandaran. Ini sekali lagi merupakan salah satu alternatif lain untuk analisis pemerhatian kawasan tempatan dengan melihat secara tradisi di mana ia merupakan salah satu komponen di kawasan yang lebih besar. Ia dibezakan melalui kriteria yang berbeza di kawasan tempatan yang telah mewujudkan satu paradigma tempatan yang mewujudkan trend perubahan di kawasan tersebut.
Kata kunci: Kompleksiti; dayahuni perumahan; perubahan kritikal; kelestarian bandar; daya huni bandar
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