Transformation for better living environment in urban region: application of the principle of transboundary liability and the montreal protocol experiences
Abstract
The international environmental law principle on transboundary liability plays an important role in transforming better living environment in urban region. The use of the international environmental law principle on transboundary liability in urban region for better living environment is largely in response to the inevitability of every individual to protect his/ her rights on living environment in urban region from being polluted. This article examines the use of the international environmental law principle on transboundary liability in transforming better living environment in urban region by identifying actions and cases which deal with human habitat and environmental protection in urban region. This article also identifies the relation between the international environmental law principle on transboundary liability and Rio Declaration as a means to transform better living environment in urban region. The opportunity to enhance the growth of this principle of transboundary liability in protecting human habitat and environment in urban region, through state practices, following the two-transboundary environmental disasters “Sandoz Spill” and “Chernobyl Explosion,” were lost due to the decision by the injured states not to take international legal actions for causing environmental pollution to their urban regions, even though the injured states have their right to do so. The support made by the statesaround the globe on the International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses Law, 1994 and the Rio Declaration, 1992 clearly reflected the acceptance and the growth of this principle of transboundary liability in protecting human habitat and environment especially in urban region. Finally, the preliminary findings indicate that the influence of interest approach in the international environmental governance is an important aspect to promote and persuade states around the globe to participate in the Montreal Protocol for the purpose to protect global environment by taking into consideration the principle of transboundary liability in order to control world emissions of pollution especially in urban region. These actions are to ensure the transformation for better living environment in urban region.
Keywords: Transboundary liability; international environmental law; urban region
ABSTRAK
Prinsip undang-undang alam sekitar antarabangsa mengenai liabiliti rentas sempadan memainkan satu peranan penting dalam mengubah persekitaran daerah bandar ke arah yang lebih baik. Penggunaan prinsip undang-undang alam sekitar antarabangsa mengenai liabiliti rentas sempadan di kawasan bandar bagi mewujudkan persekitaran kehidupan yang lebih baik adalah sebagai maklum balas terhadap ketidakelakan setiap individu melindungi haknya untuk mendiami persekitaran bandar yang tidak tercemar. Artikel ini meneliti penggunaan undang-undang alam sekitar antarabangsa mengenai liabiliti rentas sempadan dalam mengubah persekitaran kehidupan daerah bandar agar menjadi lebih baik dengan mengenal pasti tindakan-tindakan dan kes-kes yang berkaitan dengan habitat manusia dan perlindungan alam sekitar dalam kawasan bandar. Artikel ini juga mengenal pasti hubungan antara prinsip undang-undang alam sekitar antarabangsa mengenai liabiliti rentas sempadan dan Deklarasi Rio sebagai satu cara untuk mengubah persekitaran kehidupan kawasan bandar. Peluang untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan prinsip liabiliti rentas sempadan dalam melindungi habitat manusia dan persekitaran di kawasan bandar, melalui pengamalan kerajaan, ekoran dua bencana persekitaran rentas sempadan, iaitu “Sandoz Spill” dan “Chernobyl Explosion,” telah hilang disebabkan keputusan negara yang menjadi mangsa untuk tidak mengambil tindakan undang-undang antarabangsa terhadap pihak yang menyebabkan pencemaran alam sekitar di kawasan bandarnya, walaupun negara tersebut mempunyai hak untuk berbuat demikian. Sokongan yang diberi oleh negara-negara seluruh dunia kepada Deraf Artikel Suruhanjaya Undang-Undang Antarabangsa mengenai Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses Law, 1994 dan Deklarasi Rio, 1992 dengan jelas menunjukkan penerimaan dan pertumbuhan prinsip-prinsip liabiliti rentas sempadan dalam melindungi habitat manusia dan persekitaran terutama sekali di kawasan bandar. Penemuan awal menunjukkan bahawa pengaruh pendekatan kepentingan dalam governans alam sekitar antarabangsa merupakan satu aspek penting untuk menggalakkan dan membujuk negara-negara dunia supaya menyertai Protokol Montreal bertujuan melindungi persekitaran global dengan mengambil kira prinsip liabiliti rentas sempadan supaya dapat mengawal pencemaran di dunia terutama sekali di kawasan bandar. Tindakan-tindakan ini bertujuan untuk memastikan transformasi ke arah persekitaran kehidupan bandar yang lebih baik.
Kata kunci: Liabiliti rentas sempadan, undang-undang antarabangsa, wilayah bandar
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