New Media and Democracy: The Changing Political Landscape in Malaysia
Abstract
The new media, the Internet, has been used by businesses, government bodies, organisations, individuals etc. to conduct business, services and social transactions. The development and ascendancy of the Internet as an informational medium, has altered the information environment in which political elites and interested citizens function (Woodly 2008). In Malaysia, for example, the Internet is used as an alternative to mainstream media which is viewed as being pro-establishment. As of now there are a few online newspapers, such as Malaysiakini, The Malaysian Insider and blogs, with some of the blogs being run by former journalists. The run-up to Malaysia’s March 2008 General Elections had seen the Internet becoming a key political battleground for the first time as the use of ICT comes into full bloom with the opposition parties using the medium more than the Government parties. Some characteristics of Habermas concept of public sphere was truly mirrored in the run up to the General Elections and its aftermath where the Internet, via blogs, served as a public sphere for voters. As one of the characteristics of the public sphere where all citizens are guaranteed access, with the advent of the Internet, anyone with a computer and Internet connection (including wireless) can have access to the Internet. The new media has gradually penetrated the Malaysian political scenario affecting the status quo as seen in the March 2008 General Elections. The government can no longer under estimate the power and influence of the new media.
Keywords: New media, democracy, general elections, blogs, Malaysia
ABSTRAK
Media baru, iaitu Internet telah diguna pakai secara berleluasa oleh pelbagai pihak seperti para peniaga, pihak kerajaan, organisasi dan individu untuk menjalankan transaksi perniagaan, perkhidmatan dan juga aktiviti-aktiviti sosial. Perkembangan dan penguasaan Internet sebagai media penyebaran maklumat telah mengubah suasana maklumat (information environment) di mana fungsi golongan elit politik dan individu yang berminat telah juga berubah (Woodly 2008). Di Malaysia, sebagai contoh, Internet dipilih sebagai satu alternatif kepada media utama yang dianggap pro-kerajaan. Sehingga kini, terdapat beberapa surat khabar atas talian seperti Malaysiakini, The Malaysian Insider dan blog dengan sesetengah blog itu juga ditulis oleh bekas-bekas wartawan. Penggunaan Internet telah menjadi platfom penting dalam hal-hal politik, terutamanya semasa pilihan raya umum Malaysia pada Mac 2008. Kita telah menyaksikan penggunaan ICT oleh pihak pembangkang secara berleluasa dibandingkan dengan parti-parti kerajaan. Sesetengah ciri konsep arena umum Habermas (concept of public sphere) dapat dilihat dengan jelas semasa di ambang dan selepas Pilihan Raya Umum melalui blog di Internet, yang digunakan sebagai arena umum untuk memancing para pengundi. Salah satu ciri arena umum, di mana semua rakyat boleh mendapatkan kemudahan Internet telah memastikan sesiapa yang mempunyai komputer dan sambungan Internet (termasuk tanpa wayar) boleh menggunakan Internet. Media baru ini dilihat telah menular masuk ke senario politik di Malaysia secara berperingkat dan telah memberi kesan kepada ‘status quo’ seperti di dalam Pilihan Raya Umum Mac 2008 yang lalu. Oleh itu, pihak kerajaan tidak boleh mengambil mudah akan kuasa dan pengaruh media baru ini.
Kata kunci: media baru, demokrasi, pilihan raya umum, blog, Malaysia
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