Poverty Measurement in Malaysia: A Survey of the Literature

Mohamed Saladin Abdul Rasool (Universiti Teknologi MARA, saladin@melaka.uitm.edu.my), Mohd Fauzi Mohd Harun (Universiti Teknologi MARA), Ariffin Mohd Salleh (Universiti Teknologi MARA), Noraini Idris (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia)

Abstract


The elimination of widespread poverty and ever growing income inequality are at the core of all development problems and in fact, for many people define the principal objective of development policy. Poverty and inequality need to be measured more precisely to provide a meaningful understanding of how much progress has already been made, how much more remains to be achieved, and how to set incentives for government officials to focus on the most pressing needs. Absolute poverty is defined as the number of people who are unable to command sufficient resources to satisfy their basic needs. Economists have agreed that poverty does not have one definite concept. However, in Malaysia poverty is commonly conceptualised from the perspective of monetary or income. This article outlines the poverty measurement presently used by the Economic Planning Unit (EPU), Prime Minister’s Department. Besides discussing the present poverty line income (PLI) method, the article proposes a multidimensional poverty measurement index. The proposed method comprising of monetary and non-monetary indicators is expected to capture a more realistic poverty group. Furthermore, the multidimensional phenomenon of poverty in a more holistic way is envisaged to be captured and is expected to have an impact on the policy makers as it gives a new perspective for measuring poverty.

Keywords: Multidimensional, poverty threshold, measurements

ABSTRAK

Usaha menghapus masalah perluasan kemiskinan dan peningkatan ketidakseimbangan pendapatan menjadi fokus utama penggubal dasar pembangunan, dianggap sebagai objektif utama dasar pembangunan yang perlu diberi perhatian. Kemiskinan dan ketidakseimbangan perlu diukur dengan tepat bagi membolehkan pihak kerajaan memantau kemajuan program yang telah dilaksanakan, projek-projek yang masih dalam pelaksanaan dan memastikan kerajaan dapat mewujudkan insentif yang lebih relevan dengan keperluan matlamat. Kemiskinan membawa makna yang berbeza bagi golongan yang berbeza keadaan tempatan dengan mengambil kira pelbagai faktor budaya dan sosial. Kemiskinan mutlak ditakrif sebagai ketidakmampuan seseorang menggunakan sumber-sumber yang ada bagi memenuhi keperluan asasnya. Dengan kata lain, kemiskinan bermakna ketiadaan pilihan dan peluang untuk menikmati hidup yang selesa sekurang-kurangnya bagi memenuhi keperluan asas. Lazimnya, kemiskinan digambarkan melalui jangka hayat yang pendek, kadar buta huruf yang tinggi dan kekurangan sumber. Walau bagaimanapun, di Malaysia kemiskinan berkonsep dan beroperasi daripada perspektif pendapatan. Makalah ini menggariskan pengukuran kemiskinan yang diguna pakai oleh Unit Perancang Ekonomi (UPE), Jabatan Perdana Menteri, iaitu Paras Garis Kemiskinan (PGK). Di samping itu, makalah ini juga mencadangkan satu kaedah pengukuran multidimensi yang lebih komprehensif dengan menggunakan indeks. Kaedah ini mengambil kira kedua-dua indikator kewangan dan bukan kewangan bagi mengenal pasti kumpulan sasaran yang lebih realistik. Kaedah yang bersifat holistik ini dijangkakan mempunyai impak kerana memberi alternatif kepada pihak berwajib untuk mengukur kemiskinan.

Kata kunci: Multidimensi, paras kemiskinan, pengukuran



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