Social Constructivism and Malaysia’s International Relations
Abstract
Uncertain changing global political and economic environment demands much of nations around the world to be prepared to deal with many unwelcome but related transnational issues. Although the global transformation has had negative impacts, it has provided impetus for states to be more cooperative within their regional areas, insofar as they wish to deal with common issues and avoid interference from external actors. In this case theory is important. Theory created to act as a tool to better understand international phenomena has also transformed and expanded. The primary established theories regarding how international relations work, such as realism and neorealism, have focused on power, national interests and international system, in explaining states’ behaviour. In the 1990s, this view has been challenged by a newly emerging approach called social constructivism, which attempts to provide an alternative theory focusing on ideas, norms, language, identity, culture and religion. More importantly, it attempts to define international political governance, construction of identity, and national interest, in such a way as to transform our views of these concepts. This article argues that the action of a small state like Malaysia, being a member of several multilateral institutions, e.g., the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), and Commonwealth, can be better understood by analysing it from a constructivism perspective. Tracing the history of Malaysia’s international relations, the article concludes that Malaysia’s identity as an Islamic State has become foundational in directing its foreign policies and its involvement in multilateral international organisations.
Keywords: Constructivism, Malaysia international relations, ASEAN, Commonwealth, OIC
ABSTRAK
Perubahan iklim politik global dan serantau ditambah dengan ekonomi dunia yang tidak menentu menagih negara agar lebih bersedia menangani pelbagai isu transnasional yang tidak diundang. Walaupun transformasi ini memberi dampak negatif, tetapi pada waktu yang sama telah memberi peluang untuk negara dalam rantau yang sama lebih bermuafakat bagi menangani ‘isu bersama’ tanpa campur tangan pihak luar yang lebih dominan. Dalam hal ini teori adalah penting. Teori sebagai salah satu mekanisme intelektual bagi memahami fenomena antarabangsa turut mengalami proses perkembangan dan perubahan. Dari segi pendekatan teoritikal, teori perdana hubungan antarabangsa seperti realisme dan neorealisme menjurus pada kuasa, kepentingan nasional dan sistem antarabangsa untuk menerangkan tindakan negara. Pendekatan ini dicabar oleh pendekatan baru, konstruktivisme sosial dalam tahun-tahun 1990-an yang cuba mengemukakan satu pendekatan alternatif dengan memberi tumpuan bagaimana idea, norma, bahasa, identiti, budaya dan agama boleh mendefinisikan dan mentransformasikan urus tadbir politik dunia, membentuk identiti dan kepentingan negara. Malaysia merupakan negara kecil, tetapi berperanan besar dalam organisasi global dan serantau seperti ASEAN, Komanwel dan OIC. Selain itu Malaysia telah berjaya mengharungi pahit maung hidup berjiran di rantau Asia Tenggara dan di peringkat global. Makalah ini cuba menelusuri dan memahami peranan Malaysia dalam pelbagai institusi global dan serantau melalui konstruktivisme sebagai pendekatan alternatif dalam hubungan antarabangsa bagi menganalisis peranan Malaysia dalam institusi global. Walaupun kemunculan kepentingan teori konstruktivisme sejajar dengan perubahan iklim politik global dan serantau, selepas berakhirnya Perang Dingin tidak bermakna teori ini hanya relevan untuk memahami tindakan negara kontemporari. Teori ini boleh digunakan sebagai pendekatan dalam memahami sejarah dasar luar Malaysia dalam konteks transformasi.
Kata kunci: Konstruktivisme, hubungan antarabangsa Malaysia, ASEAN, Komanwel, OIC
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