Pemusnahan Hutan sebagai Trauma Kebudayaan: Kajian Kes Kelompok Penan
Abstract
ABSTRAK
Penan merupakan kelompok nomadik terakhir di Malaysia. Kelompok peribumi ini mendiami pendalaman Sarawak serta terkenal dengan sikap yang tidak gemar berkonfrontasi. Kehidupan mereka amat bergantung kepada kemandirian hutan yang membekalkan makanan, perubatan dan penempatan. Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa dekad terakhir menyaksikan kelompok ini berdepan dengan ancaman pemusnahan hutan sehingga setiap wilayah hutan mereka mulai digondolkan. Kesannya, kelompok Penan kehilangan hutan hujan tropika yang menjadi rumah mereka. Keadaan ini bukan sahaja memberi kesan psikologi secara individual, tetapi juga kesan trauma yang bersifat kolektif. Dalam hal ini, kelompok Penan merupakan mangsa kepada siri pembalakan yang dilakukan atas nama pembangunan dan pengksploitasian tanah. Perkembangan ini akhirnya membentuk suatu trauma kebudayaan kepada kelompok Penan. Untuk menjelaskan perkara ini, maka makalah ini telah melakukan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menganalisis teks sekunder sebagai bahan penyelidikan. Hasilnya, makalah ini telah berjaya menghubungkaitkan teori trauma kebudayaan yang dikemukakan oleh Jeffrey C. Alexander dan Ron Eyerman dengan pembalakan yang dialami oleh kelompok Penan. Perkaitan ini menghasilkan penemuan bahawasanya pembalakan dalam skala besar boleh mencetuskan trauma kebudayaan. Berdepan dengan tragedi ini, kelompok Penan mencari jalan keluar dengan mengambil inisiatif dalam membangunkan Peta Kelompok dan Penan Peace Park. Dua langkah praktikal ini merupakan cara mereka untuk memulihara identiti kolektif dalam melawan pembangunan moden yang bersifat penyahwilayahan.
KATA KUNCI
Penan, Trauma kebudayaan, Budaya, Ingatan, Identiti
ABSTRACT
Penan is well known as the last nomadic community in Malaysia. This indigenous group inhabits Sarawak’s hinterland and is known for its non-confrontational approach. Their lives rely heavily on the survival of the forest, which provides them with food, medicine, and shelter. However, the last few decades have seen this community face the threat of logging until every original territory of their forest has been deforested. Therefore, the Penan community lost the tropical rainforest that was their home. This unfortunate situation not only has psychological effects on individuals but also creates a collective trauma. In this regard, the Penan group is a victim of a series of deforestations carried out in the name of development and land exploitation. This so-called modern development eventually formed a cultural trauma for the Penan community. To explain this matter, this study uses a qualitative approach by analyzing secondary texts as research material. In so doing, this study attempts to link the theory of cultural trauma mainly presented by Jeffrey C. Alexander and Ron Eyerman with the threat of deforestation experienced by the Penan community. This connection resulted in the discovery that large-scale logging can trigger cultural trauma. Faced with this tragedy, the Penan community sought a way out by initiating the Penan Community Map and the Penan Peace Park. These two practical initiatives are their way of preserving their collective identity against modern development that based on deterritorialisation.
KEYWORDS
Penan, Cultural Trauma, Culture, Memory, Identity
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