Malaysian Japanese speaking graduates with Japanese language proficiency (JLP) and business Japanese competence (BJC) employed in Japanese companies (JC) in Malaysia are considered an asset by their employers. However, to what extent are their JLP and BJC sufficient to function in JC is an under researched area and deserves further scrutiny. Therefore, the focus of this research is to identify JC employers’ JLP and BJC requirements of Malaysian Japanese speaking graduates in their Malaysian companies. This qualitative research via semi-structured one-to-one interviews with JC employers of selected companies in Malaysia investigated the requirements of JLP and BJC for Malaysian Japanese speaking graduates employed in JC. The findings revealed that JLP requirement is dependent on position and task whereas time management and business customs, Ho/Ren/So (Reporting / Contacting / Consulting) are considered as important BJC practices. Furthermore, speaking and listening in Japanese language is considered as crucial skills and the most challenging for Malaysian Japanese speaking graduates at JC to master. Incorporating Japanese business customs and workplace practices in Japanese language curriculum at higher education and increasing internship opportunities at JC would ensure Malaysian Japanese speaking graduates acquire the required JLP and BJC through their higher education. This research augurs well for the enhancement of Japanese language curriculum in higher education institutions in Malaysia as well as Japan-Malaysia bilateral trade to further strengthen Japanese companies’ presence in Malaysia and attract new Japanese investments with high level of JLP and BJC manpower.Keywords: Business Japanese competence; Japanese Companies; Japanese language proficiency, Malaysia Japanese Speaking Graduates; Japanese language curriculumReferencesBordia, S., & Bordia, P. (2014). Employees’ willingness to adopt a foreign functional language in multilingual organizations: The role of linguistic identity. Journal of International Business Studies, 46, 415–428. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2014.65Brownell, J. (1990). Perceptions of Effective Listeners: A Management Study. Journal of Business Communication, 27(4), 401-415.Canale, M., & Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics, 1, 1-47.Chikamatsu, N. (2003). The effects of computer use on L2 Japanese writing. Foreign Language Annals, 36(1), 114-127.Dannels, D. (2001). Time to speak up: A theoretical framework of situated pedagogy and practice for communication across the curriculum. Communication Education, 50(2), 144-158.de Burgh-Hirabe, R. (2019). Motivation to learn Japanese as a foreign language in an English-speaking country: An exploratory case study in New Zealand. System, 80, 95-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2018.11.001Fairbrother, L. (2015). Language Management in the Japanese Workplace. In W. Davies & E. Ziegler (Ed.), Language Planning and Microlinguistics. Palgrave Macmillan.Falsgraf, C., Fujii, N., & Kataoka, H. (1993). English Speakers in Japanese Work Environments: An Analysis of Japanese Language Functions and Needs. The Journal of The Association of Teachers of Japanese, 27(2), 177.Fang, Y., Jiang, G., Makino, S., & Beamish, P. (2010). Multinational Firm Knowledge, Use of Expatriates, and Foreign Subsidiary Performance. Journal of Management Studies, 47(1), 27-54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00850.xFitzgerald, J. (1995). English-as-a-second language learners’ cognitive reading process: A review of research in the United States. Review of Educational Research, 65, 145-190.Flynn, J., Valikoski, T., & Grau, J. (2008). Listening in the Business Context: Reviewing the State of Research. International Journal of Listening, 22(2), 141-151.Furusawa, M., & Brewster, C. (2016). IHRM and expatriation in Japanese MNCs: HRM practices and their impact on adjustment and job performance. Asia Pacific Journal ofHuman Resources, 54(4), 396-420.Gamble, T. & Gamble, M. (2010). Communication Works. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.Gamble, T. & Gamble, M. (2012). Communication Works. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.Grabe, W. (2004). Research on Teaching Reading. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24. 44-69. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0267190504000030Humphreys, G., & Miyazoe, Y. (2007). ‘So What Is the Appeal?’ The Phenomenon of Japanese as a Foreign Language in Hong Kong. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 28(6), 468–483.Hedge, T. (2019). Teaching and learning in the language classroom. Oxford University Press.Hino, N. (2009). The teaching of English as an International Language in Japan: An answer to the dilemma of indigenous values and global needs in the Expanding Circle. AILA Review, 22(1), 103 – 119. https://doi.org/10.1075/aila.22.08hinHino, Y., Kusunose, Y., Miyamura, S., & Lupker, S. J. (2017). Phonological-orthographic consistency for Japanese words and its impact on visual and auditory word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 43(1), 126–146. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000281Hughes, R., & Reed, B. (2017). Teaching and researching speaking. Routledge.Hurn B.J., & Tomalin, B. (2013) What is Cross-Cultural Communication? In B.J. Hurn & B.Tomalin. (Eds.), Cross-Cultural Communication: Theory and Practice (pp.1-19). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230391147_1IMD (International Institute for Management Development), (2020). IMD World Competitiveness online. https://worldcompetitiveness.imd.org/countryprofile/overview/JP. Accessed 25 Dec 2020(Check the format)Iwasaki, S. (2006). Japan: Language Situation. In K. Brown (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics (2nd ed., pp. 93-95). Elsevier.Izumi, W., Ito, A., & Ishihara, E. (2014). What are the problems with Business Japanese Competencies? A Study based on surveys of business people working in Japan-Related Workplaces. In M. K. Aishah, S. K. Bhatt, W. M. Chan, S. W. Chi, K.W. Chin, S. Klayklueng, M. Nagami, J. W. Sew, T.Suthiwan, & I. Walker (Comps.), Knowledge, Skills and Competencies in Foreign Language Education ClaSIC 2014. Proceedings (pp. 487-511). NUS Centre for Language Studies. https://fass.nus.edu.sg/cls/wp-content/uploads/sites/32/2020/10/walker_izumi.pdf (Check the format)Japan's economic growth slows down. (2013, November 14). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-24936348Japan Foundation. (2020). 国際交流基金 - 2018年度 海外日本語教育機関調査. https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/japanese/survey/result/survey18.html.Japan Foundation. (2022). JF Special Stories/LANGUAGE As Japanese-Language Learners are Growing in Asia, responding to the diversifying learning motives there. https://jf50.jpf.go.jp/en/story/responding-to-the-diversifying-learning-motives-there/Jim, M. (2013) Display Critical Thinking in EFL Academic Writing: A discussion of Japanese to English contrastive rhetoric. RELC Journal, 44(2), 195-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688213488386Jingzi, D., Wenzhong, Z., & Dimond, E. (2016). The integration of intercultural business communication training and business english teaching. English Language Teaching, 9(2),77. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v9n2p77Koda, K. (2011). Insights into second language reading. Cambridge University Press.Laufer, B. & Nation, P. (1995). Vocabulary size and use: Lexical Richness in L2 Written Production. Applied. Linguist. 16(3). 307-322. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/16.3.307Lynch, T. (2011). Academic listening in the 21st century: Reviewing a decade of research. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 10(2), 79-88.Maeno, F., Katsuda, C., & Larpsrisawad, N. (2013). 在タイ日系企業が求める日本語人材ーアンケート調査よりー(The need of Japanese Related Companies in Thailand for the Japanese Speaking Employees: Finding from questionnaire survey). Japanese Education Bulletin, 10, 67-76.Maeno, F., Katsuda, C., & Larpsrisawad, N. (2015). 在タイ日系企業が求める日本語人材 ―インタビュー調査よ り― (The need of Japanese Related Companies in Thailand for the Japanese Speaking Employees: Finding from questionnaire survey). 日本語教育紀要, 12. (Japanese Education Bulletin, 12).Manjet, K. (2021). English Language Communicative Competence of University Interns for Employability. E-Bangi Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 18(3), 67-81.Mansoor, T., Salva, S., & Mohsen, R. (2012) The Effect of Cultural Adaptation on EFL Reading Comprehension: The Role of Narrative Nativization and Foreign Language Attitude. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 18(4), 145 – 157.Mazouzi, S. (2013). Analysis of Some Factors Affecting Learners' Oral Performance. A Case Study: 3rd Year Pupils of Menaa's Middle Schools [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Khider University of Biskra.McKinley, J. (2013). Displaying Critical Thinking in EFL Academic Writing: A Discussion of Japanese to English Contrastive Rhetoric. RELC Journal, 44(2), 195-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688213488386Ministry of Economics, Trade and Industry (METI) and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Technology (MEXT), (2006). Guidebook of Business Japanese Education for Foreign Students for Japanese educational institutions.Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. (2007). Advanced Education Program for Career Development of Foreign Students from Asia. http://www.meti.go.jp/policy/asia_jinzai_shikin.Marschan-Piekkari, R., Welch, D., & Welch, L. (2015). Language in international business. Edward Elgar Publishing.Nurul Farihah, R., Nurul Ajleaa, A.R., & Goh, Y.S. (2024). A Systematic Literature Review of Project-Based Learning on English Writing Skills. E-Bangi Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 21(2), 329-340. https://doi.org/10.17576/ebangi.2024.2102.26Ojanperä, M. (2014). Effects of Using English in Business Communication in Japanese-Based Multinational Corporations [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. University of Oulu.Piekkari, R., Welch, D., & Welch, L. (2014). Language in international business. Edward Elgar Publishing.Peltokorpi, V. (2007). Intercultural communication patterns and tactics:Nordic expatriates in Japan. International Business Review, 16(1), 68-82.Peltokorpi, V., & Vaara, E. (2012), Language policies and practices in wholly owned foreign subsidiaries: A recontextualization perspective, Journal of International Business Studies,43, 808–33. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2012.28Saito, Y. (1992). Western reading strategies and Japanese texts: The effects of punctuation deletion. [Paper presentation]. 42nd Annual Meeting of the National Reading Conference, San Antonio, TX. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED353553.pdfTyler, J. (2011), Reclaiming rare listening as a means of organizational re‐enchantment. Journalof Organizational Change Management, 24(1), 143-157. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534811111102328Wolvin, A., & Coakley, C. (1996). Listening. Brown & Benchmark.Xiong, K.,Verdonschot, R., & Tamaoka, K.(2020). The time course of brain activity in reading identical cognates: An ERP study of Chinese - Japanese bilinguals. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 55, 100911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2020.100911Yeoh, L. S. (2018). Japanese Language Proficiency Among Malaysian Japanese Speaking Graduate Employees: A Study in Japanese Companies in Malaysia [Unpublished Doctoral thesis]. Universiti Sains MalaysiaYeoh, L. S., & Manjet, K. (2020) The Use of Japanese Language in Intercultural Context among Malaysian Japanese Speaking Employees in Japanese Companies. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 49(3), 191-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2020.1736602Yeoh, L. S., Manjet, K., & Tengku-Sepora, T.M. (2020). The Importance of Japanese Language Skills Social Sciences & Humanities, 28(2), 957-978.Yeoh, L. S., & Manjet, K. (2022). Meaning-making of Translated Japanese Expressions among Japanese Foreign Language Learners in Socio-cultural Context. In Tengku Sepora, T.M., Thomas, C.V.F. (Eds.). Researching Language, Text and Technology in Translation (pp86-96). USM Press. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363698538Yoshida, T., Yashiro, K., & Suzuki, Y. (2013). Intercultural communication skills: What Japanese business today need. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(1), 72-85.
Author Biographies
Lee Su Yeoh, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Japanese language instructor at the School of Languages, Literacies and Translation, USM.
Manjet Kaur Mehar Singh, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Lecturer at the School of Languages, Literacies and Translation, USM