Konvensyen Perlindungan Fizikal Bahan Nuklear (CPPNM) dan Pindaan (CPPNM/A): Di Manakah Malaysia? (Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM) and its Amendment (CPPNM /A): Where does Malaysia Stand?)

Abstract

Malaysia telah menunjukkan usaha ke arah meratifikasi Konvensyen Perlindungan Fizikal Bahan Nuklear (CPPNM) dan Pindaan 2005 (CPPNM/A), termasuk semasa penyertaannya dalam Sidang Kemuncak Keselamatan Nuklear 2010–2016, serta meluluskan Rang Undang-Undang Perlesenan Tenaga Atom (Pindaan) 2025. Rang Undang-Undang Perlesenan Tenaga Atom (Pindaan) 2025 ini memodenkan Akta 304 dan mewujudkan asas perundangan bagi Malaysia untuk menyertai CPPNM dan pindaannya. Namun begitu, sehingga kini Malaysia masih belum konvensyen tersebut. Kajian terdahulu lebih banyak menumpukan kepada tren serantau dalam pelaksanaan dan ratifikasi CPPNM dan CPPNM/A. Artikel ini menyumbang kepada wacana sedia ada dalam dua cara yang signifikan. Pertama, ia mengaplikasikan pendekatan berfokus dengan meneliti Malaysia secara khusus, termasuk cabaran undang-undang, institusi dan dasar yang menghalang proses ratifikasinya. Kedua,dengan mengambil iktibar daripada pengalaman negara-negara lain yang telah berjaya meratifikasi Konvensyen ini, kajian ini mengemukakan cadangan dasar yang bersasar bagi mengatasi halangan dalam negeri serta mempercepatkan usaha Malaysia ke arah ratifikasi. Antara langkah konkrit yang boleh diambil termasuklah mendapatkan komitmen politik pada peringkat tertinggi, memastikan terdapat penyelarasan yang efektif dan padu antara agensi berkepentingan dan perlaksanaan penilaian objektif antara jurang yang masih wujud antara undang-undang sedia ada dan peraturan konvensyen, serta pelaksanaan undang-undang secara berperingkat. Seterusnya, libat urus yang bermakna dengan pihak berkepentingan, termasuklah dengan pihak bukan kerajaan serta komunikasi awam adalah penting untuk mendapatkan ‘buy-in’ menyeluruh bagi kejayaan proses tersebut. Tambahan lagi, Malaysia perlu terus bergiat dalam program serantau seperti program semakan rakan setara, latihan dan pembangunan keupayaan serantau.Abstract: Malaysia has taken steps toward ratifying the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM) and its 2005 Amendment (CPPNM/A), including through its participation in the 2010–2016 Nuclear Security Summits and the passage of the Atomic Energy Licensing (Amendment) Bill 2025. This Bill modernises Act 304 and establishes the legal basis for Malaysia to accede to the CPPNM and its amendment. However, Malaysia has yet to ratify the convention. Prior studies have largely focused on regional trends in the implementation and ratification of the CPPNM and CPPNM/A. This article contributes to the existing discourse in two significant ways. First, it adopts a focused approach by examining Malaysia specifically, including the legal, institutional, and policy challenges that hinder its ratification process. Second, drawing lessons from countries that have successfully ratified the Convention, the study proposes targeted policy recommendations to overcome domestic obstacles and accelerate Malaysia’s path to ratification. Concrete measures include securing political commitment at the highest level; ensuring effective, cohesive inter-agency coordination; conducting an objective assessment of gaps between current legislation and the Convention’s requirements; and implementing legal measures in phases. In addition, meaningful stakeholder engagement, including with non-governmental actors, as well as public communication, is essential to build broad-based buy-in for the process. Finally, Malaysia should continue to participate actively in regional programmes such as peer reviews, training, and capacity-building initiatives.ReferencesAbdul Kareem, M. S. A. (2016). Implementation and enforcement of strategic trade controls in Malaysia. 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