Psychological Well-Being of Parents with Down Syndrome Children: The Role of Demographics

Abstract

This study investigated the under-researched area of psychological well-being among parents of children with Down syndrome, addressing a gap in existing literature that primarily focuses on factors like stigma and social support in isolation. Guided by self-stigma theory and social support theory, this research aimed to provide an integrated examination of the interplay between parental demographics, perceived stigma, social support, and psychological well-being. A cross-sectional quantitative approach was employed, surveying 351 parents from 11 inclusive schools and one special needs school. Questionnaires were used to assess demographics, stigma (Parent Self-Stigma Scale), social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), and psychological well-being (Six-Factor Model of Psychological Well-being). Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, linear regression, and Bayesian analysis. The study's key findings indicated that parental demographics, particularly education and employment levels, significantly predicted psychological well-being. Higher education levels were found to correlate with increased resource access and better understanding of the child's condition. Whilst stigma and a paucity of social support do not directly impact income or well-being, age and family size have mediating effects, with parental and child age also playing significant mediating roles. Notably, social support mediates the relationship between the child's psychological well-being and overall parental well-being. The study emphasises the necessity of incorporating demographic context, age-related challenges, and the pivotal role of social support networks in promoting favourable outcomes for families raising children with Down syndrome. Future interventions should prioritise empowering parents through educational initiatives, resource provision, and the cultivation of robust support system.