Dari Kuasa Unipolar Ke Multipolar: Peranan G7, G20 Dan BRICS dalam Mempengaruhi Halatuju Ekonomi Negara Membangun (From Unipolar to Multipolar Power: The Role of G7, G20, and BRICS in Shaping the Economic Direction of Developing Countries)

Abstract

Adakah era dominasi ekonomi barat semakin berakhir? Kemunculan G7, G20, dan BRICS mencerminkan transformasi orde dunia dan peralihan terhadap kuasa multipolar dalam pentadbiran global dan pembangunan ekonomi. Justeru kajian ini menganalisis impak peranan G7, G20, dan BRICS terhadap pentadbiran global dan dasar ekonomi di negara-negara membangun dengan fokus terhadap Indonesia dan Brazil. G7 merupakan pelopor kepada organisasi seperti Bank Dunia dan Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa (IMF), yang kini dianggap kurang relevan akibat sifatnya yang ekslusif. Sebaliknya, G20 mengintegrasikan ekonomi yang sedang pesat membangun, secara serentak menyediakan platform yang lebih luas untuk pembuatan keputusan di tahap global. Sementara itu, BRICS berusaha untuk mencabar dominasi Barat, namun pengaruh China di dalam blok ini berpotensi untuk menggagalkan objektifnya. Melalui penilaian kualitatif terhadap dokumen dasar, pangkalan data institusi kewangan global, artikel surat khabar dan sumber akademik, kajian ini justeru menaksir bagaimana negara-negara membangun ini menongkah pengaruh ekonomi kumpulan-kumpulan tersebut, sambil mengimbangi potensi dan keterbatasan mereka. Hasil dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa G7 kekal dominan namun mula goyah setelah G20 menawarkan inklusiviti walaupun masih terkesan oleh pengaruh barat. Manakala BRICS, walaupun menghadapi cabaran dalaman tetap membawa potensi jangka panjang dalam membina orde ekonomi dunia yang lebih multipolar sekiranya ia berjaya mengukuhkan solidariti dalaman dan memperkukuh institusi kewangannya secara adil.Kata kunci: G7; G20; BRICS; negara membangun; multipolarAbstract: Is the age of Western economic dominance coming to an end? The emergence of G7, G20, and BRICS reflects world order transformation and the shift toward multipolar power in terms of global governance and economic development. G7 is the forerunner of organizations such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF), which is deemed less relevant today due to its exclusivity. Conversely, G20 incorporates emerging economies, providing a larger platform for global decision-making. Meanwhile, BRICS strives to challenge the Western dominance, but China’s influx in the bloc could derail the objective. This paper examines the implications of these blocs on developing countries with an emphasis on Indonesia and Brazil as case studies. Through qualitative evaluation of policy documents, global financial institutions' databases, news articles and academic sources, it assesses how these developing countries navigate the economic influence by these groups, while balancing their potentials and limitations. The findings of the study indicate that the G7 remains dominant but is beginning to waver as the G20 offers inclusivity, though still influenced by the West. Meanwhile, BRICS, despite internal challenges, holds long-term potential in building a more multipolar global economic order if it succeeds in strengthening internal solidarity and enhancing its financial institutions fairly.Keywords: G7; G20; BRICS; developing countries; multipolarReferencesAzevedo, D., Bakliwal, S., Chen, C., Gilbert, M., Koch-Weser, I., Lang, N., & McAdoo, M. (2024). An Evolving BRICS and the Shifting World Order. Boston Consulting Group. https://www.bcg.com/publications/2024/brics-enlargement-and-shifting-world-order Baker, A. (2006). The Group of Seven Finance Ministries, Central Banks and Global Financial Governance. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203001493Chakraborty, S. (2018). Significance of BRICS: regional powers, global governance, and the roadmap for multipolar world. Emerging Economy Studies, 4(2), 182–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/2394901518795070 Cocks, T., Guarascio, F., & Nangoy, F. (2025, March 7). Exclusive: US withdraws from plan to help major global polluters move from coal. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/us-withdrawing-plan-help-major-polluters-move-coal-sources-2025-03-05/ Cooper, A. F. (2019). The G20 is dead as a crisis or steering committee: Long live the G20 as hybrid focal point. South African Journal of International Affairs, 26(4), 505–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2019.1699855Crowe, C. (2025). Trade: BRICS expansion into payment systems poses threat to dominance of US dollar. International Bar Association. https://www.ibanet.org/BRICSDas, U. (2024). The power of the private sector: boosting climate resilience. OMFIF. https://www.omfif.org/2024/07/the-power-of-the-private-sector-boosting-climate-resilience/ Dijkstra, H., & Greco, E. (2024). Relic of the Past or Catalyst for Change? The G7 and the Future of Global Governance. Ensured Europe. https://www.ensuredeurope.eu/publications/g7-and-global-governanceEnea, S., Palaşcă, S., & Ţigănaş, C. (2015). G7 Countries – Advocates of the Global Business Cycle. Procedia Economics and Finance, 20, 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00065-9 Fayyaz, M. (2024). Indonesia’s Strategic Pivot: A Deeper Dive into the BRICS Membership Bid. The Geopolitics. https://thegeopolitics.com/indonesias-strategic-pivot-a-deeper-dive-into-the-brics-membership-bid/ Gaddis, J. L. (2005). The Cold War: A New History. Penguin PressGalano III, A. (1994). International monetary fund response to the Brazilian debt crisis: whether           the effects of conditionality have undermined Brazil's national sovereignty?. Pace International Law Review, 6(2), 323-351. https://doi.org/10.58948/2331-3536.1142Gurunathan, A., & Moorthy, R. (2021). China and the Indo-pacific in India-ASEAN ties: prospects for Asean. e-Bangi: Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 18(9), 42-57Gomes, G. Z., & Esteves, P. (2018). The BRICS Effect: Impacts of South–South Cooperation in            the Social Field of International Development Cooperation. IDS Bulletin, 49(3). https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2018.152Hajnal, P. (2022). Whither the G7 and G20?. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 28(2), 127-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2022.2027797 Holtzmann, H. D., & van der Voort, A. (2025). BRICS - What are the key issues for 2025?. Friedrich Naumann Foundation. https://www.freiheit.org/brics-what-are-key-issues-2025Ikenberry, G. J. (2023). The G-7 Becomes a power player. Foreign PolicyJakarta Globe. (2022, July 20). Indonesia FDI accelerates to a new record high in Q2 2022. https://jakartaglobe.id/business/indonesia-fdi-accelerates-to-a-new-record-high-in-q2-2022 Johari, S. (2022, Jun 30). Indonesia bakal sahkan kedudukan sebagai kuasa baharu dunia? Astroawani. https://www.astroawani.com/berita-dunia/indonesia-bakal-sahkan-kedudukan-sebagai-kuasa-baharu-dunia-368921 Jokela, J. & Saul, A. (2023). The Changing Dynamics of the G7, G20 and BRICS [Briefing Paper]. The Finnish Institute of International Affairs. https://www.fiia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/bp361_the-changing-dynamics-of-the-g7-g20-and-brics.pdf Jong, H. N. (2022). Indonesia seals $20 billion deal with G7 to speed up clean energy transition. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2022/11/indonesia-seals-20-billion-deal-with-g7-to-speed-up-clean-energy-transition/ Jorgenson, D. W., & Vu, K. M. (2013). The emergence of the new economic order: growth in the G7 and the G20. Journal of Policy Modeling, 35(3), 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2013.03.001Keohane, R. (2003). Power and Governance in a Partially Globalized World. RoutledgeKolesnichenko, O., Rozanov, A., & Debin, L. (2016). The Role of BRICS in Global Politics. In L. Grinin, I. Illin, A. Korotayev, & P. Herrmann (Eds.), Globalistics and Globalization Studies: Global Transformations and Global Future (pp. 277–282). ‘Uchitel’ Publishing House. https://www.sociostudies.org/upload/sociostudies.org/almanac/globalistics_and_globalization_studies_5/277-282.pdf Kuik, C.-C., & Abdul Razak, A. (2025). The Geopolitics of BRICS: Between (and Beyond) Institutional Balancing and Institutional Hedging (pp. 1–39). International Relations at the Institute of Malaysian and International Studies (IKMAS). https://www.ukm.my/ikmas/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/IKMAS-WP-20251_The-Geopolitics-of-BRICS.pdfLayne, C. (2012). This time it’s real: the end of unipolarity and the Pax Americana. International Studies Quarterly, 56(1), 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00704.x Lonel, Z. (2021). G7 summit, June 2021: Asserting democratic values in the post-crisis context. European Parliamentary Research Service. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2021/690648/EPRS_BRI%282021%29690648_EN.pdf Mahrukh, D. (2016). Brazil’s Role in Institutions of Global Economic Governance: The WTO and G20. https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/preview/437277/2016-10-15%2013131%20Doctor%203.pdf MÜLLER, C. (2020). Brazil and the Amazon Rainforest: Deforestation, biodiversity and cooperation with the EU and international forums. European Parliamentary Research Service. https://coilink.org/20.500.12592/15vqqg Naidu, S., & Carvalho, G. D. (2025). BRICS expansion: redefining global structural power in a changing world order. Policy Insights, 160. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep67381Naim, C. A., & Hasanah, F. (2024). Deconstructing the empire: BRICS and the rise of a multipolar world. Andalas Journal of International Studies, 13(1), 80–80. https://doi.org/10.25077/ajis.13.1.80-90.2024 Nelson, R. M. (2020). International economic policy coordination at the G-7 and the G-20. Congressional Research Service. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R40977 Nugraha, R. M. (2022, November 18). G20 summit gathers US$ 8 billion-worth of investment commitment, minister says. Tempo English. https://en.tempo.co/read/1658415/g20-summit-gathers-us-8-           billion-worth-of-investment-commitment-minister-says Olsen, S. H., Zusman, E., Unger, C., Kawazu, E. C., Amanuma, N., Hengesbaugh, M., & Aoki-Suzuki, C. (2023). Comparing clubs: analyzing ambitions in the G7 and the G20. Earth System Governance, 18, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2023.100195 Patrick, S. (2024). BRICS expansion, the G20, and the future of world order. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/10/brics-summit-emerging-middle-powers-g7-g20?lang=en Shofa, J. N. (2025, January 7). Indonesia officially becomes BRICS full member, vows to be active. Jakarta Globe. https://jakartaglobe.id/news/indonesia-officially-becomes-brics-full-member-vows-to-be-activeSofia, H., & Sulistiyandari, R. (2024, November 11). BRICS membership: Indonesia’s path to global economic influence. ANTARA News. https://en.antaranews.com/news/333733/brics-membership-indonesias-path-to-global-economic-influence  Steele, P., Patel, S., & Volz, U. (2021). Creating a resilience and sustainability trust (RST) at the IMF: how to support climate-vulnerable countries. International Institute for Environment and Development. https://www.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/2021-10/20576G.pdfSudarshan, V. (2024, September 9). Indonesia has yet to receive promised G7 funds to reduce coal use. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/indonesia-says-seeking-global-help-accelerate-coal-power-plant-retirement-2024-09-09/ Vyas-Doorgapersad, S. (2022). The role of BRICS in global governance to promote economic development. Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review, 10(1), 1-9. https://apsdpr.org/index.php/apsdpr/article/view/633/1241 Wade, R. H. (2011). Emerging world order? from multipolarity to multilateralism in the G20, the world bank, and the IMF. Politics & Society, 39(3), 347–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329211415503 Weck, W. (2011). ASEAN and G20–Indonesia’s Foreign Policy Perspectives. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=99d16d0f-ee7e-f0de-79bb-c56ecd84f93b&groupId=252038  Yahya, S. H., Daud, S., & Huda, M. I. M. (2020). Kepentingan pelaburan langsung luar negara dalam model China dan impaknya terhadap kuasa lunak China. e-Bangi: Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 17(4), 105-123