Model Global Pelaksanaan Bandar Sihat: Analisis Literatur Bersistematik untuk Panduan Malaysia (Global Models of Healthy City Implementation: A Systematic Literature Analysis for Malaysia)

Muhd Abdul Hadi Johari, Zanisah Man, Mohd. Yusof Hussain, Manimaran Krishnan

Abstract


Pelaksanaan bandar sihat di Malaysia telah bermula semenjak tahun 1994, tetapi kedudukannya dalam gagasan pembangunan tempatan dilihat agak terkebelakang berbanding bandar pintar. Seiring peningkatan kes NCD di Malaysia, fungsi bandar sihat mula diperkasakan dalam Rancangan Tempatan bagi pembudayaan hidup sihat. Sebagai inisiatif baharu, maklumat berkenaan bandar sihat yang holistik diperlukan agar datanya dapat dirujuk sebagai panduan pelaksanaan di Malaysia. Kajian SLR ini bertujuan mengkaji model pelaksanaan bandar sihat global untuk panduan pelaksanaan di Malaysia. PRISMA digunakan sebagai kaedah kajian kerana prosedur menyaring datanya yang ketat bagi tujuan analisis sistematik. Melalui pencarian data di pangkalan Web of science, Scopus, dan Google scholar dengan kata kunci: “healthy city” OR “healthy city model”, sebanyak 574 bahan ilmiah bandar sihat ditemui. Namun, hanya 55 bahan ilmiah yang menepati kriteria penyelidikan SLR. Data dianalisis menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan dan tematik. Korpus bandar sihat global (tahun 1980-2020an) menjadi panduan penting bagi pelaksanaan bandar sihat di Malaysia. Datanya dalam bentuk dominasi kajian bandar sihat, fasa gagasan, dan pelaksanaannya. Dari sudut sumbangan kepada Malaysia, ia menyumbang panduan berikut, iaitu (i) punca kuasa bagi gagasan bandar sihat, (ii) model pemantauan pelaksanaan bandar sihat sepanjang proses pembangunan, (iii) model program bandar sihat yang bersifat integrasi, in-situ, dan berpusatkan rakyat serta mewakili pelaksanaan yang efektif, (iv) iktibar kemajuan membawa impak negatif kepada negara-negara sedang membangun, (v) pembangunan mikro mengesampingkan gagasan pembangunan yang lebih besar, dan (vi) model pembangunan berasaskan komuniti menokok nilai tambah yang positif terhadap pembangunan tersebut. Dapatan kajian ini menyumbang asas bagi memperkasakan program promosi kesihatan dalam bandar sihat.

Abstract: The implementation of healthy cities in Malaysia began in 1994. However, its position within the framework of local development appears to lag behind that of smart cities. In line with the rising number of NCDs in Malaysia, the role of healthy cities has been increasingly strengthened within the local plans to promote a culture of healthy living. As a new initiative, comprehensive information on healthy cities is required so that the data can serve as a reference for implementation guidelines in Malaysia. This SLR study aims to examine global healthy city implementation models to inform Malaysia’s implementation framework. The PRISMA method was used due to its rigorous data screening procedures suited for systematic analysis. Through data searches on the Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar using the keywords “healthy city” OR “healthy city model”, a total of 574 academic sources on healthy cities were identified. However, only 55 met the SLR research criteria. The data were analysed using content analysis and thematic analysis methods. The global healthy city corpus (1980s-2020s) served as an important reference for the implementation of healthy cities in Malaysia, with data covering the dominant themes in healthy city research, conceptual phases, and its implementation. From the perspective of Malaysia’s contribution, this study offers the following guidelines (i) establishing the legal authority for the healthy city concept, (ii) a monitoring model for healthy city implementation throughout the development process, (iii) an integrated, in-situ, and people-centred healthy city programme models representing effective implementation, (iv) the lessons learnet from the development progress that have had negative impacts on developing countries, (v) micro-level development that sidelines larger development agendas, and (vi) a community-based development model adds positive value to such development. The findings of this study provide a foundation for strengthening health promotion programmes.

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Keywords


bandar sihat, SLR, PRISMA, panduan pelaksanaan, Malaysia, kerajaan tempatan

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/ebangi.2025.2203.43

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