Pembandaran dan kemudahterancaman isi rumah pinggir bandar raya metropolitan Kuala Lumpur (Urbanization’s vulnerability and adaptation of households in the sub-urban metropolitan of Kuala Lumpur)

Abstract

Pembandaran merupakan sebahagian daripada perubahan persekitaran global yang melibatkan aktiviti ekonomi, sosial dan politik penduduk. Perkembangan bandar tergambar melalui peningkatan bilangan penduduk, perubahan persekitaran fizikal, budaya serta guna tanah. Tekanan ekonomi di pusat bandar raya metropolitan mengalih tumpuan industri, perniagaan dan petempatan ke kawasan pinggiran. Selari dengan itu, pelbagai kesan positif dapat dinikmati oleh isi rumah pinggir bandar raya metropolitan (PBrM) seperti peningkatan peluang pekerjaan, kemudahan awam dan aksessibiliti yang semakin baik. Namun demikian, kepesatan pembandaran yang berlaku turut membawa bersama kemudahterancaman (vulnerability) manusia kepada isi rumah setempat khasnya kemudahterancaman ekonomi seperti peningkatan sewa rumah dan harga tanah. Kertas ini bertujuan mengesan pembandaran dan menganalisis kemudahterancaman ekonomi yang dihadapi oleh isi rumah PBrM. Data dikumpul dan dianalisis berdasarkan Model Pengukuran Rasch. Nilai kebolehpercayaan item bagi konstruk pembandaran dan kemudahterancaman ialah 0.86 dan 0.95. Kedua-dua nilai kebolehpercayaan ini jauh melepasi nilai minimum yang diperlukan oleh Rasch untuk membuktikan kecukupan item bagi tujuan pengukuran. Kajian ini mendapati isi rumah sangat berpuas hati dengan pembandaran yang berlaku (MNSQ = 0.91 [SE = .17]) dan kewujudan kemudahterancaman ekonomi (MNSQ = 1.00 [SE = .18]). Ujian korelasi pula menunjukkan terdapat hubungan signifikan yang positif antara pembandaran (M = 0.66, SD = 0.18) dengan kemudahterancaman (M = 0.72, SD = 0.18) di mana nilai r = .24, p = .028.

Kata kunci: isi rumah, kawasan pinggiran, kemudahterancaman, pembandaran, persekitaran, pinggir bandar raya Metropolitan (PBrM)

Urbanization is part of the global environmental changes involving economic, political and social activities. Urban development is reflected by the increase in population, changes in the physical environment, culture and land use. Economic pressures in the city centre metropolitan shift the focus of industrial, business and residential areas to the outskirts. Various positive effects can be enjoyed by household outskirts of metropolitan such as increased employment opportunities, public facilities and accessibility. However, rapid urbanization also brings vulnerability to the households with the increasing price of housing rental and land value. This article discusses on urbanization and vulnerability households. Data collected and analysed by Rasch Measurement Model. The reliability the constructs of urbanization and vulnerability is 0.86 logit and 0.95 logit. All the reliability surpassed the minimum required by Rasch to prove the adequacy of the item for measurement purposes. This study found that households are very satisfied with the urbanization that occurred (MNSQ = 0.91 [SE = .17]) and the existence of economic vulnerability (MNSQ = 1.00 [SE = .19]). Correlation analysis shows there is a significant positive relationship between urbanization (M = 0.66, SD = 0.18) and vulnerability (M = 0.72, SD = 0.18) where r = .24, p = .028.

Keywords: household, outskirts, vulnerability, urbanization, environmental, sub-urban metropolitan