Perubahan prestasi sosio-ekonomi komuniti asal akibat pertukaran gunatanah pertanian kepada Bandar Baru Bumi Serpong Damai, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia (Socio-economic transformation of original communities following the conversion of agricultural land to the new town of Bandar Baru Bumi Serpong Damai, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia)

Abstract

Pada masa sekarang ini, perkembangan bandar-bandar di Jawa telah membawa kepada wujudnya fenomena kawasan pinggiran bandar mengalami pertukaran gunatanah pertanian kepada kawasan industri dan bandar-bandar baru. Kertas ini menghuraikan kesan sosio-ekonomi penduduk daripada pertukaran gunatanah pertanian kepada projek Bandar Baru Bumi Serpong Damai (BSD) di Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia, berdasarkan kajian yang dilakukan pada tahun 2004-2005 yang melibatkan 256 ketua keluarga penduduk yang masih kekal di kampung asalnya dan 61 ketua keluarga penduduk yang berhijrah dari kampung asal . Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pada keseluruhannya, bagi kedua-dua kategori penduduk asal yang kekal dan yang berhijrah, prestasi aspek-aspek sosio-ekonomi yang meningkat dan yang tetap baik adalah lebih rendah (42.6%) berbanding dengan prestasi aspek-aspek sosio-ekonomi yang tetap rendah dan yang merosot (57.4%). Oleh itu pertukaran gunatanah pertanian kepada Bandar Baru BSD pada umumnya didapati tidak membawa peningkatan taraf dan kualiti hidup kepada sebahagian besar penduduk asal. Implikasinya ialah faedah terbesar daripada pembangunan bandar secara kapitalis ini diraih oleh golongan pemodal dan golongan kelas menengah. Ianya kurang memanfaatkan penghuni asal kawasan yang merupakan golongan marhaen atau pengeluar kecil. Justru pembangunan Bandar Baru BSD dapat dikatakan kurang sesuai dan kurang utuh sebagai model pembangunan di Indonesia kerana sifatnya yang ternyata amat kurang mesra penduduk asal.

Katakunci: bandar baru, disenfranchisement, komuniti asal, kualiti hidup, pertukaran gunatanah pertanian, prestasi sosio-ekonom

Recently, cities in Java were experiencing the process of internal reconstruction both socio-economically and physically whereby at the urban fringes, the agricultural land was converted into new towns and industrial centres. The objective of this paper is to describe the socio-economic consequences of the original populace who were directly affected by the conversion of their agricultural land into the Bumi Serpong Damai (BSD) New Town, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia based on the findings of a field study conducted in 2004-2005 involving 256 heads of households who remained residing in their original villages and 61 heads of households who had migrated from their native villages. The study found that overall, the scores for improved and favourable socio-economic consequences(42.6%) were lower than those of the deteriorating and unfavourable consequences(57.4%) for both original villagers who stayed and those who had migrated. In conclusion, the conversion of agricultural land into urban uses in the study area had not enhanced the quality of life and living standards of most of the original populace of that area. By implication, the biggest benefit of the conversion of the original agricultural land-use into the capitalist city development went to the capitalist investors and the new middle class entrants. In contrast, this development had largely disenfranchised the original inhabitants who were little more than simple proletariats and small producers. As such, the BSD New Town is not an ideal nor appropriate development model for Indonesia as it has proved to be least local friendly.

Keyword: agricultural land use conversion, disenfranchisement, new town, original community, quality of life, socio-economic performance