Serupa tapi berbeza: Kajian kes komuniti Bawean Kampung Sungai Tiram, Johor Malaysia (Similar but different: A case study of the Kampung Sungai Tiram Bawean community, Johor)
Abstract
Melayu sebagai suatu kategori sosial di Malaysia bukanlah bersifat homogen kerana terdapat beberapa sub etnik yang terkandung di dalamnya. Salah satunya ialah orang Bawean yang telah merantau ke Tanah Melayu sejak sebelum kemerdekaan dicapai meskipun kurang dikenali berbanding etnik Jawa, Bugis dan Banjar. Sifat merantau di kalangan lelaki Bawean adalah sangat kuat sehingga digelarkan wira apabila pulang ke Pulau Bawean dengan hasil seperti wang dan emas. Kajian ini meneliti latar belakang etnik dan identiti orang Bawean di Malaysia yang berhadapan dengan konflik pembinaan negara-bangsa Malaysia. Data primer diperolehi daripada analisis kandungan dan temubual mendalam di lapangan dengan 50 ahli komuniti keturunan Bawean di Kampung Sungai Tiram, sebuah ladang kelapa sawit yang menjadi tempat berkumpul dan kunjung mengunjung orang-orang Bawean yang tinggal di sekitar Ulu Tiram dan dalam Negeri Johor. Hasil kajian mendapati lima elemen identiti dalam kalangan masyarakat Bawean, iaitu agama Islam, amalan merantau, bahasa, amalan gotong royong dan ilmu perubatan tradisional. Meskipun agama Islam telah mempermudah orang Bawean untuk beradaptasi dengan masyarakat lokal di Malaysia yang seolah-olah menunjukkan keserupaan budaya mereka dengan Melayu tempatan namun budaya etnik Bawean sebenarnya boleh dikatakan berbeza. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari hakikat bahawa sehingga ke hari ini masih berterusan wujud perkampungan eksklusif orang Bawean di Malaysia seperti di Johor.
Katakunci: identiti etnik, Islam, merantau, negara-bangsa, Orang Bawean, perkampungan
Although lesser known than their Javanese, Bugis and Banjarese compatriots, the Indonesian Bawean people have been migrating to Malaya even before independence was achieved. The tradition of travelling abroad to seek fortune (merantau) has been so ingrained in the life journey of Bawean men and earned for them the title of heroes upon returning home. This study examined the ethnic and identity characteristics of Bawean people in Malaysia in the wake of some nation- building challenges in Malaysia. Primary data were gathered from in-depth interviews of 50 members of the Bawean community in Kampung Sungai Tiram, an oil palm settlement which functioned as a gathering place for the surrounding Ulu Tiram and Johor Baweans. The findings revealed five identity factors fr the Baweans, namely Islam, merantau, language, the practice of mutual help (gotong-royong) and traditional medical knowledge. Although Islam has tremendously facilitated their adaptation to Malaysian local life thus depicting the apparent similarity between them and local Malays, the Baweans remained largely distinct and culturally different. This is evident by the fact that until today the Baweans still find it necessary or preferable to live in settlements which are exclusively Bawean as exemplified by this Johor case study.
Keywords: Bawean people, ethnic identity, Islam, nation-building, settlement, travelling abroad
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