Pola dan faktor yang mempengaruhi peminuman minuman keras remaja Dusun Malaysia (The pattern and factors of alcohol consumption among the Malaysian D usun youths)

Abstract

Kajian ini membincangkan isu berkaitan pengambilan minuman keras dalam kalangan remaja. Kajian menumpukan kepada jenis, pola minum dan faktor-faktor remaja minum minuman keras berdasarkan pengalaman dan persepsi remaja. Kajian dijalankan di sekitar daerah Ranau dengan menjadikan Kampung Noopung dan Kampung Lansat sebagai kawasan tumpuan kajian. Jenis data yang dikumpul ialah data kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Lima puluh remaja Dusun yang mempunyai pengalaman secara langsung mengambil minuman keras dipilih sebagai responden survei menggunakan kaedah snowball. Empat orang informan utama pula terdiri daripada golongan remaja dan dewasa yang banyak mengetahui tentang pengambilan minuman keras dalam masyarakat. Data kualitatif diperolehi melalui pemerhatian tidak ikut serta dan temubual mendalam. Hasil kajian mendapati remaja mula minum minuman keras serendah umur bawah 15 tahun. Mereka lebih banyak minum minuman keras tradisional, namun sudah cenderung minum bir yang dikategorikan sebagai minuman keras kosmopolitan. Remaja mudah memperolehi minuman keras di rumah pengusaha, kedai runcit dan restoran. Mereka sering minum di waktu perayaan, di hujung minggu dan bersama rakan sebaya. Umumnya pengambilan minuman keras di kalangan remaja dipengaruhi oleh faktor sikap dan persekitaran sosial. Sikap meliputi sikap ritual, convivial dan utilitarian. Faktor sekitaran sosial pula adalah incitement, availability dan example. Faktor incitement meliputi kebenaran minum tidak kira usia sewaktu pesta dan ritual budaya, dorongan rakan sebaya, daya beli remaja, identiti kelelakian. Faktor availability pula meliputi keadaan mudah mendapat minuman keras di pesta, kedai runcit, di rumah-rumah pengusaha dan restoran. Faktor example pula meliputi contoh yang mudah diikuti daripada amalan rakan sebaya, ahli masyarakat dan iklan.

Katakunci: arak kosmopolitan, arak tradisi, faktor sikap, kebenaran masyarakat, pengambilan alcohol oleh remaja, persekitaran sosial

This paper presents the findings of a study on youths and their drinking pattern in a Malaysian community. Field surveys were conducted in Kampung Noopung and Kampung Lansat in the district of Ranau, Sabah where 50 Dusun youths aged between 15-25 and direct consumers of the alcohols were selected through a snowball technique as respondents . Four other key informants were selected among the villagers to provide an account on the drinking pattern of the youths, in addition to a non-participant observation as to the general scenario of the drinking activities in the community. The study found that the youths had started drinking as early as below 15 years old, consumed more of the traditional alcohol drinks, and ventured into beer drinking, which was categorised as a locally produced cosmopolitan drink. The liquors were easily available and could be bought at a house whose owner had been producing them in small quantities, at the village sundry shop and at restaurants or eating stalls. The liquors were consumed more during festive seasons, weekends and when with peer groups. Two general factors, namely, the youths’ attitude (ritual, convivial and utilitarian) and social environment (incitement, availability and example) were identified as contributing to the youths’ consumption of alcohol. The incitement factors included the absence of any societal sanction against the consumption of alcohols by young people, peer group pressure, advertisements, the youths’ purchasing power, and the fulfilment of the male ‘macho’ identity.

Keywords: alcohol consumption by young people, attitude factor, cosmopolitan liquors, social environment, societal sanction, traditional liquor