Menangani masalah banjir di Daerah Padang Terap, Kedah: Analisis persepsi dan tindakan pemimpin masyarakat tempatan (Managing flooding in the District of Padang Terap, Kedah: A perception and response analysis of local community leaders)
Abstract
Banjir merupakan salah satu kesan daripada perubahan iklim yang berlaku di kebanyakan negara seperti Thailand, Indonesia, China, Myanmar dan termasuklah Malaysia. Banjir di Malaysia khususnya Kedah adalah disebabkan oleh hujan yang lebat dan berpanjangan, pembangunan yang tidak terkawal dan, sistem saliran yang tidak diselia dan tersumbat. Natijahnya, Individu yang lemah dan tidak bersedia merupakan individu paling menderita akibat banjir. Dari konteks adaptasi atau pengurusan risiko pula, individu atau golongan yang ‘lemah’ akan ditukar kepada yang ‘lebih kuat’ manakala yang ‘kurang bersedia’ akan dipersiapsiagakan kepada yang ‘lebih bersedia’ dalam menghadapi bencana banjir. Oleh itu, artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis persepsi dari pihak pemimpin masyarakat tempatan sebagai entiti yang menguruskan banjir serta adaptasi-adaptasi yang diamalkan apabila berlakunya banjir. Kajian dijalankan menggunakan pendekatan perbincangan kumpulan berfokus (FGD) terhadap terhadap 32 orang responden daripada kalangan pemimpin masyarakat tempatan di daerah Padang Terap. Dapatan menunjukan bahawa masalah ditimbulkan oleh mangsa banjir dan sesetengah badan pelaksana yang mana menyulitkan proses pengurusan banjir dan juga berlaku kekurangan di pusat pusat penempatan khas yang dibuka ketika banjir berlaku.
Katakunci: adaptasi banjir, banjir, Padang Terap, pemimpin masyarakat tempatan, pengurusan banjir, persepsi.
From the context of adaptation and risk management, individuals or groups, who may be categorsed as "poor or unfortunate" to adaptation must be enabled to change in order to become ‘strong and ready’, and those categorized as ‘unprepared’ to become ‘well prepared’ in facing the flood phenomena. Flood in Malaysia, especially in Kedah, is normally caused by the combination of heavy and continuous rain, uncontrolled development, and unsustainable irrigation systems. As a result, individuals who are least unprepared would be the most affected by floods. Based on field research involving focus group discussions (FGD) with 32 local leaders in Kedah’s Padang Terap district, this article analyses the problems faced by local leaders in the management of floods in their respective villages and the adaptation strategies adopted there during flooding. The results show that major problems faced by the district’s flood victims pertained not only to insufficient flood relief shelters to cater to the actual number of flood victims but also to the lack of cooperation from flood victims due to personal ideologies. Issues pertaining to cronism, misuse of resources, beaurocratic red tape, monopolistic tendencies and political conflicts compounded the already less than systematic state of the flood management. Empowerment of the local leaders should certainly be a priority in any future effort to ameliorate the plight of the flood victims .
Keywords: adaptation strategies, flood, flood adaptation, local public, risk management, victim perception
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