Wanita Perpatih dan keusahawanan di Negeri Sembilan: Suatu tinjauan geografi sejarah (Perpatih women and entrepreneurship in Negeri Sembilan: A historical geography overview)

Midawati Midawati, Amriah Buang

Abstract


Kedudukan wanita dalam Adat Perpatih adalah sangat penting kerana melalui mereka zuriat nasab ibu diturunkan. Wanita berperanan sebagai pewaris harta pusaka seperti tanah dan rumah. Hal ini menjadi asas kepada kemandirian ekonomi dan kemunculan keusahawanan mereka. Kajian ini merupakan tinjauan geografi sejarah keusahawanan wanita Adat Perpatih di Negeri Sembilan yang menggunakan sumber-sumber maklumat dan literatur sekunder. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa sejak kedatangan peniaga Minangkabau dari Paya Kumbuh, Sumatera Barat pada abad 11 hingga 12 keusahawanan wanita Adat Perpatih di Rembau telah dapat berkembang sehingga ke abad 19. Kemudian telah berlaku penurunan ekoran daripada polisi tanah dan pertanian penjajahan Inggeris dan terhakisnya pengaruh budaya asal Minangkabau yang kesemuanya mengakibatkan berkurangnya peranan wanita Adat Perpatih Rembau dalam pertanian dan keusahawanan. Kini, wanita Adat Perpatih Rembau yang tinggal di kampung bergantung kepada kiriman dan pemberian wang daripada keluarga mereka yang merantau di bandar. Tanah-tanah pusaka mereka telah menjadi tanah terbiar dan kebun getah mereka telah menjadi hutan.

Katakunci: budaya Adat Perpatih, dasar tanah penjajah, kawasan budaya, kedudukan wanita, keusahawanan, tanah terbiar

Women's position in the Perpatih was fundamental to the reproduction and functioning of the Perpatih as a matrilineal system. Women were heirs to the customary estates of land and houses. This formed the very basis of the women’s economic survival from which arose their flair for entrepreneurship. This study is a historical geography overview of entrepreneurship of the Perpatih women in Negeri Sembilan using secondary literature sources. The results showed that with the coming of Minangkabau traders from the Perpatih core culture area of Paya Kumbuh, West Sumatra in the 11th-12th centuries Perpatih women’s entrepreneurship was able to thrive until the 19th century. Since then it had steadily declined following adverse British colonial land and agriculture policies and subsequent neglect of the original Minangkabau culture which both ultimately diminished the women’s role in agriculture and entrepreneurship. Today, the Perpatih women living in the villages of Negeri Sembilan had to depend on remittances from their urban migrant relatives for their economic survival. Their customary lands had become idle and their rubber holdings reverted to jungles.

Keywords: culture area, colonial land policy, entrepreneurship, idle land, position of women, Perpatih custom


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