Negara, undang-undang dan tenaga kerja: Antara ideal dan realiti di Indonesia (Warped between the ideal and reality: Laws and the labour in Indonesia)

Abstract

Gunatenaga rentas sempadan bukan saja membawa banyak faedah ekonomi kepada negara penghantar, tetapi juga beberapa isu dan cabaran getir. Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI) yang hendak ke luar negara sememangnya tertakluk kepada undang-undang tenaga kerja yang telah digubal oleh Pemerintah. Namun, TKI tersebut juga sering berhadapan dengan agensi tidak formal. Kedua-dua agensi ini mempunyai posisi dan pengaruh yang berbeza-beza. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana negara sebagai suatu struktur tertinggi cuba untuk mengatur dan mengawal proses kemasukan dan keberadaan TKI di negara penerima. Analisis ditumpukan kepada undang-undang tentang imigresen dan undang undang tenaga kerja di Indonesia serta reaksi TKI terhadap perundangan dan proses penguatkuasaan. Kajian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Informan terdiri daripada TKI yang sudah berstatus PATI (pendatang asing tanpa izin) di Malaysia. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahawa terdapat jurang antara hal yang ideal menurut undang-undang dengan realiti yang berlangsung di Indonesia. Bagi memudahkan proses kemasukan, agensi tidak formal menjadi pilihan yang popular dalam kalangan TKI kerana keluwesannya dalam aspek pengurusan.

Katakunci: buruh, ejen tidak formal, migrasi, sosialisasi, Tenaga Kerja Indonesia, undang-undang

Cross border employments may not just be economically beneficial to the source countries. They can also pose adverse issues and challenges. Indonesian labourers (TKI) wishing to go abroad are indeed governed by the labour laws that have been enacted by the Government. However, candidates often have to deal with informal agents. Both of these institutions have different position and influence. This article sought to analyze, by means of an interpretivist paradigm, how the Indonesian government as the superior governance structure attempts to regulate and control the admission and placement processes of Indonesian workers in the host country. The analysis was focused on the Indonesian immigration and labour laws as well as the TKI’s responses to them as they were enacted. A total of 11 TKIs who had already been staying in Malaysia had participated in a series of in-depth interviews during the course of this study. The results showed that there existed a real gap between what is ideal in accordance to the laws and the reality that took place in Indonesia. Informal agents became a popular choice among Indonesian workers because of their overall management flexibility.

Keywords: Indonesians labour, informal agency, labour, laws, migration, socialisation