Peri pentingnya pemilikan Tanah Adat yang diiktiraf: Memahami keperluan Komuniti Bidayuh Serian, Sarawak (The imperative of ownership recognition of the Native Customary Right Land (NCR): Understanding the needs of the Bidayuh community of Serian, Sarawak)

Abstract

Perhubungan di antara komuniti Bidayuh dan tanah adat merupakan satu pertalian yang unik dan kompleks. Hal ini kerana tanah merupakan nadi dan identiti bagi komuniti Bidayuh dan amat bermakna kepada mereka dan ianya tidak hanya berdasarkan ekonomi semata-mata. Namun, wujudnya jurang makna dalam konteks pemilikan mengakibatkan tanah adat sukar untuk memperoleh pengiktirafan dari segi perundangan formal seterusnya menyebabkan hak-hak sosial, ekonomi, kebudayaan dan politik komuniti terjejas. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini meneliti kepentingan keperluan komuniti Bidayuh terhadap pemilikan tanah adat yang diiktiraf. Kajian ini melibatkan enam buah kampung di Serian, Sarawak iaitu Kg. Kekai, Kg. Mongkos, Kg. Diang, Kg. Tong Nibong, Kg. Mentu Tapu, dan Kg. Pridan. Data dan maklumat primer diperoleh melalui hasil Focus Group Discussion bersama 53 orang pemilikpemilik tanah adat dan in-depth interview terhadap 17 orang informan. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa keperluan komuniti terhadap pengiktirafan pemilikan tanah adat terbahagi kepada empat aspek utama yang merangkumi aspek sosial (identiti budaya, kerohanian, tempat tinggal, pewarisan adat), ekonomi (sumber makanan, ekonomi tradisi dan komersil, persaingan sumber), politik dan undang-undang (perlindungan dan keselamatan tanah, tahap penglibatan dan pemerkasaan, kuasa membuat keputusan dan pelaksanaan pembangunan) dan ekologikal (kelangsungan hidup, persekitaran semula jadi).

Katakunci: isu pemilikan tanah adat, komuniti Bidayuh, interpretasi tanah adat, pengiktirafan pemilikan, perundangan formal, tanah adat

Native lands in most parts of the world often pose crucial challenges to mainstream governance. This is mainly because land is the heart and identity of the native community and means the world to them not just in economic terms. In the case of the Bidayuh community of Serian, Sarawak the relationship between land and native identity is even unique and more complex because there seems to exist a gap between the official and the natives’ interpretations of the meaning of Customary Land Ownership Right (NCR). This resulted in difficulties for the Bidayuh to obtain formal legal recognition of their customary land which further jeopardised their social, economic, cultural and political interests. This study attempted to gauge the importance of the need for such land ownership recognition among the Serian’s Bidayuhs of Kg. Kekai, Kg. Mongkos, Kg. Diang, Kg. Tong Nibong, Kg. Mentu Tapu, and Kg. Pridan. Primary data and information were obtained through focus group discussions with 53 landowners and in-depth interviews with 17 informants. The study found four main areas of the Bidayuh needs, namely, social (cultural identity, spirituality, residence, customary inheritance), economic (food sources, traditional economy and commerce, competition for resources), political-legal (protection and land safety, participation and empowerment, decision-making and development), and ecological (sustainability of life, integrity of the natural environment).

Keywords: Bidayuh community, formal legislation, Native Customary Right Land (NCR), NCR interpretations, NCR ownership issues, recognition of ownership