Internet dan kebangkitan demokrasi siber di Malaysia: Analisis Pilihan Raya Umum 1999 dan 2008 (The Internet and the rise of Malaysian cyber democracy: An analysis of the 1999 and 2008 General Elections)
Abstract
Pilihan Raya Umum Malaysia tahun 1999, buat pertama kalinya Internet digunakan sebagai medium untuk berkempen. Ia kesan daripada daripada penggunaan Internet dalam isu reformasi pada tahun 1998. Artikel ini bertujuan membincangkan kempen politik melalui Internet, pada Pilihan Raya Umum 1999 dan Pilihan Raya Umum 2008. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan: pertama, pada Pilihan Raya Umum 1999 parti pembangkang telah menggunakan Internet dengan intensif untuk berkempen. Ini kerana terdapat banyak isu-isu berkaitan reformasi yang ingin disampaikan. Kedua, penggunaan Internet untuk kempen politik menjadi semakin meluas pada Pilihan Raya Umum 2008. Hal ini kerana, pada ketika itu terdapat banyak isu-isu sensasi berkaitan kerajaan dan pentadbiran diperdebatkan, di samping pertambahan penggunaan Internet di kalangan penduduk. Penggunaan Internet yang meluas telah melahirkan demokrasi siber iaitu rakyat bebas untuk memberi idea dan pandangan dan juga berkumpul secara maya untuk berbincang pelbagai isu. Ketiga, kempen politik melalui Internet telah memberi impak kepada kedua-dua keputusan pilihan raya tersebut. Pada Pilihan Raya Umum 1999, sokongan kepada Barisan Nasional khususnya UMNO semakin merosot, manakala pada Pilihan Raya Umum 2008, pencapaian Barisan Nasional menjunam teruk apabila mereka gagal memperolehi kemenangan majoriti dua pertiga bagi kerusi parlimen.
Katakunci: demokrasi siber, internet, kempen politik, pilihan raya, pendemokrasian, reformasi
The Internet was used as a campaign medium for the first time in Malaysia during the 1999 General Election following its effective role in furthering the Reform cause (Reformasi) of 1998. This article analyses the impact of political campaigns run through the Internet in the 1999 and 2008 General Elections. The findings were threefold: first, in the 1999 general election, the intensive use of the Internet campaigning purposes by the opposition had managed to articulate well the Reformasi issues. Second, the widespread and intensive use of the Internet by the opposition in the General Election of 2008 had managed to elucidate many of the governance issues and intensify debates among the Internet users manifesting the rise of a virtual cyber democracy as people found themselves free to air critical and controversial views. Finally, political campaigns through the Internet had impacted the results of both General Elections: in the 1999 General Election, support for the ruling Umno-based National Front had declined while in the 2008 General Election, the National Front’s achievement plummeted severely when, for the first time, they failed to obtain a two-third majority of the parliamentary seats.
Keywords: cyber democracy, democratization, election, Internet, political campaign, reformation
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