Analisis trend dan pola keruangan kemalangan maut jalan raya di Malaysia: Kajian kes di Daerah Timur Laut, Pulau Pinang (Trend analysis and spatial patterns of fatal traffic accidents in Malaysia: A case study of the Timur Laut District, Penang)

Abstract

Kecederaan akibat daripada kemalangan jalan raya merupakan antara pembunuh utama di dunia selepas penyakit kronik seperti penyakit jantung, strok, jangkitan paru-paru dan kesukaran pernafasan. Di Malaysia, jumlah kematian akibat kemalangan jalan raya telah meningkat sebanyak 70% .Kajian ini menganalisis kemalangan maut bagi semua jenis kenderaan di Daerah Timur Laut, Pulau Pinang berdasarkan data kemalangan maut bagi tempoh tiga tahun 2011-2013. Ia juga menganalisis trend serta taburan dan corak keruangan kemalangan maut dengan bantuan perisian Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS). Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan kaedah purata kejiranan terdekat (ANN). Hasil kajian mendapati kadar kemalangan maut di daerah Timur Laut bagi tahun 2011, 2012 dan 2013 adalah tinggi (masing-masing 90, 88 dan 91 kes). Trend menunjukkan bahawa kadar kemalangan maut yang paling tinggi berlaku dalam kawasan sempadan Balai Polis Jelutong manakala yang paling rendah adalah dalam kawasan sempadan Balai Polis Komuniti Taman Desa Permai. Hasil kajian juga menunjukkan bahawa taburan kemalangan maut adalah paling tinggi di jalan-jalan utama, iaitu Jalan Air Hitam, Lebuhraya Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu dan Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah. Hasil analisis ANN pula menunjukkan bahawa corak kemalangan maut bagi tahun 2011, 2012 dan 2013 adalah secara berkelompok dengan penolakan hipotesis null. Kesimpulannya, kemalangan jalan raya lebih tertumpu dan berkelompok di sesuatu kawasan tertentu disebabkan oleh perbezaan dari segi struktur fizikal jalan raya, jumlah trafik dan kepentingan jalan tersebut kepada pengguna di kawasan sekitarnya.

Katakunci: ANN, corak ruangan, GIS, jalan raya, kemalangan maut, trend kemalangan

Road accident injuries are number one killer in the world after chronic diseases such as heart disease, strokes, pneumonia, and breathing difficulties. In Malaysia, fatalities due to road accidents had increased alarmingly by 70% between 1990 and 201. This study analysed distribution trends and patterns of fatal accidents using Geographic Information System (GIS) for all types of vehicles in the Penang’s Northeast (Timur Laut) District based on the district’s fatal accidents statistics recorded for the 2011, 2012 and 2013. Results of the analysis showed that the rates of fatal accidents for 2011, 2012 and 2013 were high at 90, 88 and 91 incidents respectively. The fatal accident rate was highest in the Jelutong Police Station borders while the lowest was in the Community Taman Desa Permai Police Station borders. The main streets that recorded highest fatal accidents were Jalan Air Hitam Expressway, Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu and Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah. The spatial patterns of fatal accidents in Northeast, Pulau Pinang, were analysed using the average nearest neighbour (ANN) technique. From the ANN analysis it was found that the fatal accidents for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 tended to depict clustered patterns. The null hypothesis had to be rejected, therefore. To sum up, road accidents in the district were more concentrated and clustered in a particular space due to differences in the physical structure of the road, volume of traffic and importance of the road to the users in the vicinity.

Keywords: ANN, fatal accidents, GIS, road accidents, spatial pattern, trends analysis