Pemerkasaan pengguna dadah dalam institusi pemulihan di Malaysia: Ke arah menjamin kesejahteraan individu dan masyarakat (Empowering drug addicts in a Malaysian rehabilitation centre : Towards a lasting individual and society wellbeing)

Abstract

Negara Malaysia tidak terkecuali daripada berdepan dengan masalah penyalahgunaan dadah. Oleh itu pelbagai program rawatan dan pemulihan telah diadakan baik di dalam mahupun luar institusi demi menangani masalah tersebut. Kertas kerja ini mengupas pengalaman menagih dalam kalangan penghuni di institusi pemulihan dadah, pelaksanaan program pemulihan dan pengalaman penghuni selama menjalani pemulihan. Seramai 100 orang penghuni telah ditemubual menggunakan satu set soalselidik, sementara 14 orang telah diwawancara secara mendalam. Kajian mendapati keberhasilan sesebuah program pemulihan lebih banyak bergantung pada dua faktor, iaitu penerimaan program dan kepuasan penghuni berbanding hubungan baik antara penghuni dengan kakitangan am dan profesional semasa menjalani program. Perasaan gembira dan minat penghuni terhadap sesebuah program pemulihan mencirikan penerimaan dan kepuasan mereka secara keseluruhannya. Dalam hal ini yang sangat bermanfaat adalah pengetahuan dan kemahiran khusus yang dipelajari, disamping keupayaan program pemulihan membangkitkan kesedaran untuk penghuni menjalani kehidupan secara positif setelah dibebaskan dari institusi pemulihan. Namun, meskipun secara umum pelbagai program pemulihan mempunyai beberapa kekuatan yang tersendiri, keberkesanannya dalam membendung masalah pengulangan penagihan dadah masih menjadi satu isu. Pada sebahagian besar program pemulihan berguna hanya selama penghuni berada dalam institusi. Namun, pengalaman menjalani program pemulihan di institusi tidak pula menjamin bahawa mereka dapat mengawal sepenuhnya sikap dan tingkah laku mereka berkait dengan masalah penagihan dadah setelah mereka dibebaskan.

Katakunci: kesejahteraan sosial, pemulihan dadah, penyalahgunaan dadah, program pemerkasaan, rawatan institusi, rawatan bukan institusi

Malaysia is one of the many countries in the world not sparred of the drug abuse problem. Several institutional and non-institutional treatment and rehabilitation programmes are carried out in the country to combat drug addiction. The article discusses the experiences of drug taking amongst the inmates of a female drug rehabilitation centre, the rehabilitation programmes offered for them, and how the inmates themselves underwent drug rehabilitation programmes. A total of 100 female inmates was randomly selected and interviewed using a set of questionnaires. Fourteen inmates were further involved in in-depth interviews. The research found that the effectiveness of the rehabilitation programmes depended more on the inmates’ personal acceptance of the programs and the satisfaction they derived from them than on their positive relationships with the general and professional staff of the centre. Their acceptance of, and satisfaction with the programmes were shown through their level of happiness and interest when undergoing several rehabilitation programmes. Many of the programmes were beneficial in terms of imparting specific knowledge, training and skills to the inmates while they were under detention, besides enabling them to reflect positively on their lives after release. However, the long term effectiveness of the rehabilitation programmes in combating drug addiction remained an issue. Although for many inmates the rehabilitation programmes seemed useful while they were at the centre their individual experiences of such programmes could never guarantee that they would be able to resist relapsing into drug abuse after being released from the centre.        

Keywords: drug abuse, drug rehabilitation, empowerment programmes, institutional treatment, non-institutional treatment, social well-being