Sejarah pembasmian penggunaan dan perdagangan candu di Negeri-negeri Selat tahun 1908-1940 (The history of eradicating and trading of opium in the Straits Settlements from 1908-1940)

Lim Sel Fang, Nordin Hussin

Abstract


Abstrak

 

Kajian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji perkembangan gerakan membasmi penggunaan dan perdagangan candu di Negeri-negeri Selat dari tahun 1908 hingga 1940. Kajian ini dilakukan kerana penulisan yang menjurus berkenaan isu candu adalah lebih terfokus kepada perkembangan candu sebelum tahun 1908. Oleh itu, kajian ini dilakukan untuk mengisi kekurangan penulisan dalam sejarah anti-candu di Tanah Melayu. Kaedah kualitatif digunakan untuk melaksanakan kajian ini di samping merujuk kepada sumber primer dan sekunder. Kajian membuktikan dalam gerakan anti-candu di Negeri-negeri Selat, kerajaan British telah mengambil banyak langkah untuk membasmi penggunaan dan perdagangan candu. Masyarakat Cina juga turut berperanan dalam gerakan anti-candu di Negeri-negeri Selat. Dalam gerakan anti-candu di Negeri-negeri Selat, kerajaan British telah memainkan peranan yang sangat penting. Antaranya dengan mengharamkan penjualan candu di rumah pelacuran, memonopoli semua urusan yang berkaitan dengan candu, dan menubuhkan hospital kerajaan sebagai pusat pemulihan candu. Gerakan anti-candu ini telah membawa kepada pengurangan penggunaan dan perdagangan candu di Negeri-negeri Selat.

 

Kata kunci: British, candu, gerakan anti-candu, Masyarakat Cina, Negeri-negeri Selat, Tanah Melayu

Abstract

 

This research is conducted to study the development of the movement to eradicate the use and trade of opium in the Straits Settlements, from years 1908 until 1940. This research is conducted due to the reason that other writings on the topic of opium are mostly focused on the development of opium before the year 1908. Therefore, this research is conducted to fill in the lacuna of the writings on anti-opium history in the Tanah Melayu. The qualitative method is used to conduct this research. The researcher has obtained primary and secondary sources. The findings from this research proofed that the British government had taken various steps to eradicate the use and trade of opium in the anti-opium movement in the Straits Settlement. The Chinese community also had played a role in the anti-opium movement in the Straits Settlements. Therefore, the British government efforts in the movement of anti-opium had played a very important role in the Straits Settlements.

 

Keywords: British, opium, anti-opium movement, Chinese community, Straits Settlements, Tanah Melayu

 

https://doi.org/10.17576/geo-2017-1304-06


Full Text:

PDF

References


Alan Baumler (2007) The chinese and opium under the republic: Worse than floods and wild beasts. State University of New York Press, United States of America.

Trocki CA (1987) The rise of Singapore’s great opium syndicate, 1840-86. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 18, 58-80.

CO273/324/43288 (1906) Meeting of Penang residents: Opium trade.

CO273/347/18153 (1909) Petition of Singapore opium farmers. Surat daripada AW Cashin kepada Arthur Young (Setiausaha Koloni Negeri-negeri Selat).

CO273/347/24087 (1909) Opium and spirit monopoly. Surat daripada John Anderson kepada Cox.

CO273/347/28234 (1909) Legislation against opium smuggling. Memorandum.

CO273/356/5074 (1909) WE Horley: Opium Commission. Surat daripada W. E. Horley kepada kerajaan koloni.

CO273/399/22173 (1913) International Opium Convention. Memorandum dalam Konvensyen Candu Antarabangsa.

CO273/485/70831 (1919) Abolition of Opium Smoking. Laporan oleh D. Beatty dan G. Gordon Wilson.

CO273/489/73564 (1919) Reduction and control of Opium Consumption. Konvensyen Candu.

CO273/503/63241 (1920) Opium. Surat Laurence Nunns Guillenard kepada kerajaan British.

CO273/509/15449 (1921) Opium Statistics 1920. Surat daripada Laurence Nunns Guillenard kepada Kerajaan British.

CO273/525/18501 (1924) Opium: 1924 Opium Committee Rept. Laporan Jawatankuasa Candu British Malaya.

CO273/529/52452 (1925) Opium Conference. Artikel Negeri-negeri Selat dan Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu.

CO273/565/7211 (1930) Opium Policy.

CO273/588/13034 (1933) Opium Revenue Replacement Reserve Fund. Surat C. Clementi kepada Kerajaan British.

_______ (1990) Opium and Empire: Chinese society in Colonial Singapore, 1900-1910. Cornell University Press, United States of America.

_______ (1999) Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy: A study of the Asian Opium Trade 1750-1950. Routledge, London and New York.

_______ (2002) Opium and the beginnings of Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 33, 287-314.

Cheng U Wen (1961) Opium in the Straits Settlements, 1867-1910. Journal of Southeast Asian History 2, 52-75.

Harumi Goto-Shibata (2006) Empire on the Cheap: The control of Opium Smoking in the Straits Settlements, 1925-1939. Modern Asian Studies 40, 59-80.

Toda K (2012) Anti-Opium Movement, Chinese Nationalism and the Straits Chinese in the Early Twentieth Century. Malaysian Journal of Chinese Studies 1, 85-100.

Nordin Hussin (2007) Trade and society in the Straits of Melaka: Dutch Melaka and English Penang, 1780-1830. NUS Press, Singapore.

Yen Ching-Hwang (1987) Class structure and social mobility in the Chinese Community in Singapore and Malaya 1800-1911. Modern Asian Studies 21, 417-445.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.