Sink cities and land subsidences: How it affects the development of coastal city in Malaysia?
Abstract
Land subsidence is the process through which the surface of the Earth gradually sinks or suddenly sinks due to the movement of earth components occurring below the surface. Subsidence can occur suddenly or gradually. The impacts of permanent inundation, which might make the environment of the settlement area worse, will raise the risks and challenges that the population will face in the future. These risks and challenges may include things like natural disasters and economic instability. This is true especially because cities that are inundated will enhance the dangers and difficulties that the population would have to face. The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview and systematic literature on sink cities and land subsidence and how it affects the development of coastal cities in Malaysia. It examines how development contributes to land subsidence and sink cities in coastal area. According to the findings, cities in various countries, including Malaysia, have been affected by land subsidence. Based on the research, cities, and land in countries like Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Vietnam are sinking due to land subsidence. As a result of land subsidence, changes in land use have occurred, the most noticeable of which are those associated with the erection of structures and residential areas in the coastal zone. The findings indicate that Malaysia is one of a select number of nations where sinking cities and land subsidence occur. Seawalls, breakwaters, gabions, groynes, and sluices are some of the potential solutions to the problems created by subsiding land and sinking cities. The purpose of these regulations is to forestall the development of "sink cities".
Keywords: Coastal city, coastal communities, land subsidence, shoreline, sink city
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdullah, K. (1999). Malaysian coastal environment: Planning development and management of the environment in preparation for the next millenium. Proceeding of the international symposium and exposition on coasta; enviroment and management: Challenges in the new millennium, 13-15 October 1999, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Abdullah, Y. A., Hashim, H., Nasrudin, N., & Ahmad, P. (2020). Nurturing community engagement in coastal erosion risk management in Kuala Selangor, Malaysia. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 5(13), 275-283.
Abdullah, Y. A., Nasrudin, N., Khalid, N. S., & Zafni Sham, Z. A. (2020). Fostering community engagement in protecting coastal zone in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Behavioral Studies, 5(18), 19-34.
Abidin, H. Z., Andreas, H., Gumilar, I., Sidiq, T. P., & Fukuda, Y. (2013). Land subsidence in coastal city of Semarang (Indonesia): Characteristics, impacts and causes. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 4(3), 226–240.
Abidin, H. Z, Andreas, H., Gumilar, I., Sidiq, T. P., & Gamal, M. (2015). Environmental impacts of land subsidence in urban areas of Indonesia. FIG Working Week 2015: From the Wisdom of the Ages to the Challenges of Modern World 17–21 May 2015, Sofia, Bulgaria.
Abubakar, S., Abir, I. A., Muhammad, S. B., & Mohammed, A. (2020). Land subsidence studies of Seberang Perai Malaysia, by integrating Remote Sensing technique and Resistivity Survey method. IOSR Journal of Applied Geoglogy and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG), 8(1), 41–47.
Ahmad, H. M. R, Ab Ghani, N. H., Sendek, S. S. M., Abd Hamid, M. R., & Jamal, M. H. (2018). Beach protection system using NAHRIM coastal erosion protection and beach expansion (nexc) block at Pantai Batu 5, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. The 4th International Conference on Water Research (ICWR 2018), 27-28 November 2018, Langkawi, Malaysia.
Aliza, S., & Iylia, M. I. (2022, November 10). Kelantan may be sinking. The Star. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/11/10/kelantan-may-be-sinking
Amar, S. M. (2022, April 3). As Klang sinks, whither the solutions?. The Vibes. Retrieved from https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/57746/as-klang-sinks-whither-the-solutions
Andreas, H., Abidin, H. Z., Gumilar, I., Sidiq, T. P., & Sarsito, D. A. (2019). On the acceleration of land subsidence rate in Semarang City as detected from GPS surveys. E3S Web of Conference, 94, 04002.
Ashley, C., Alonso, E. E., & Romano, O. (2021). Sinking cities: What economic and governance conditions lead to greater resilience?. Second International Conference - Water, Megacities and Global Change, December 2021.
Bagheri, M., Ibrahim, Z. Z., Akhir, M. F., Oryani, B., Rezania, S., Wolf, I. D., Pour, A. B., & Wan Talaat, W. I. A. (2021). Impacts of future sea-level rise under global warming assessed from tide gauge records: A case study of the east coast economic region of Peninsular Malaysia. Land, 10(12), 1382.
Chaussard, E., Amelung, F., & Abidin, H. Z. (2012). Sinking cities in Indonesia: Space-geodetic evidence of the rates and spatial distribution of land subsidence. Proceedings of Fringe 2011 Workshop’, 19–23 September 2011 (ESA SP-697, January 2012), Frascati, Italy.
Dawson, R. J., Khan, M. S. A., Gornitz, V., Lemos, M. F., Atkinson, L., Pullen, J., Osorio, J. C., & Usher, L. (2018). Urban areas in coastal zones. In Rosenzweig, C., Solecki, W., Romero-Lankao, P., Mehrotra, S., Dhakal, S., & Ibrahim, A. A. (eds.), Climate change and cities: Second assessment report of the urban climate change research network (pp. 319-362). Cambridge University Press.
Dineskumar, R. (2022, March 8). Klang will ‘drown’ by 2050 if drainage system not improved, warns MP. FMT (Free Malaysia Today). Retrieved from https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2022/03/08/klang-will-drown-by-2050-if-drainage-system-not-improved-warns-mp/.
Dorall, A. (2019, November 6). 9 M’sian cities will be underwater by 2050 due to rising sea levels - The Rakyat Post. TheRakyatPost. Retrieved from https://www.therakyatpost.com/living/2019/11/06/9-msian-cities-will-be-underwater-by-2050-due-to-rising-sea-levels/
Ehsan, S., Ara Begum, R., Ghani Md Nor, N., & Nizam Abdul Maulud, K. (2019). Current and potential impacts of sea level rise in the coastal areas of Malaysia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 228, 012023. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/228/1/012023
Galloway, D. L., Erkens, G., Kuniansky, E. L., & Rowland, J. C. (2016). Preface : Land subsidence processes. Hydrogeology journal, 24, 547-550.
Galloway, D. L., Bawden, G. W., Leake, S. A., & Honneger, D. G. (2008). Land Subsidence Hazards. In Baum, R. L., Galloway, D. L., & Harp, E, L. Landslide and Land subsidence hazards to Pipelines (pp. 33-106). U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).
Gao, G., San, L. H., & Zhu, Y. (2021). Flood inundation analysis in penang island (Malaysia) based on inSAR maps of land subsidence and local sea level scenarios. Water, 13(11), 1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13111518
Hanh, P. T. T., & Furukawa, M. (2007). Impact of sea level rise on coastal zone of Vietnam. Bulletin of the Faculty of Science. University of the Ryukyus, 84, 45–59.
Lee, M. C., & Gamez, J. L. S. (2017). (Geo)Design coastal cities: Design with data (and nature too). The Plan Journal, 2(2), 337–366.
Li, F., Liu, G., Gong, H., Chen, B., & Zhou, C. (2022). Assessing land subsidence-inducing factors in the Shandong Province, China, by using PS-InSAR measurements. Remote Sensing, 14(12), 2875.
Li, H., Zhu, L., Guo, G., Zhang, Y., Dai, Z., Li, X., Chang, L., & Teatini, P. (2021). Land subsidence due to groundwater pumping: Hazard probability assessment through the combination of Bayesian model and fuzzy set theory. Natural Hazards Earth System Sciences, 21(2), 823–835.
MESTECC. (2018). Malaysia Third National Communication and Second Biennial Update Report To the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (NC3).
Moharrami, M., Javanbakht, M., & Attarchi, S. (2021). Automatic flood detection using sentinel-1 images on the google earth engine. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(5), 248.
Nordin, D. Y. (2006). Towards sustainable coastal planning and policies from a Malaysian perspective. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 88, 45–54.
Pradhan, B., Abokharima, M. H., Jebur, M. N., & Tehrany, M. S. (2014). Land subsidence susceptibility mapping at Kinta Valley (Malaysia) using the evidential belief function model in GIS. Natural Hazards, 73(2), 1019–1042.
Prasetyo, Y., Bashit, N., Sasmito, B., & Setianingsih, W. (2019). Impact of land subsidence and sea level rise influence shoreline change in the coastal area of Demak. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environ.ment Science, 280, 012006.
Rahman, S., Sumotarto, U., & Pramudito, H. (2018). Influence the condition land subsidence and groundwater impact of Jakarta coastal area. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environ.ment Science, 106, 012006.
Rashidi, A. H. M., Jamal, M. H., Hassan, M. Z., Sendek, S. S. M., Sopie, S. L. M., & Hamid, M. R. A. (2021). Coastal structures as beach erosion control and sea level rise adaptation in Malaysia: A review. Water, 13(13), 1741.
Sarwar, M. G. M. (2005). Impacts of sea level rise on the coastal zone of Bangladesh [Master dissertation, Lund University]. Lund University International Masters Programme in Environmental Science.
Solihuddin, T., Husrin, S., Mustikasari, E., Heriati, A., Kepel, T. L., Salim, H. L., Risandi, J., & Dwiyanti, D. (2021). Coastal inundation and land subsidence in North Coast of West Java : A new hazard ?. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environ.ment Science, 925, 012015.
Stone, M. (1976). Costs, Constraints and Capacity. In Stone, M (Eds.), Product Planning (pp. 63–81). Palgrave Macmillan London.
Susilo, S., Salman, R., Hermawan, W., Widyaningrum, R., Wibowo, S. T., Lumban-Gaol, Y. A., Meilano, I., & Yun, S. H. (2023). GNSS land subsidence observations along the northern coastline of Java, Indonesia. Scientific Data, 10(421), 1–8.
Takagi, H., Thao, N. D., & Anh, L. T. (2016). Sea-level rise and land subsidence: Impacts on flood projections for the Mekong Delta’s largest city. Sustainability, 8(9), 959.
Tay, C., Lindsey, E. O., Chin, S. T., Mccaughey, J. W., Bekaert, D., Nguyen, M., Hua, H., Manipon, G., Karim, M., Horton, B. P., Li, T., & Hill, E. M. (2020). Sea-level rise from land subsidence in major coastal cities. Nature Sustainability, 5(12), 1049-1057.
Waltham, T. (2015). Sinking cities - An integrated approach towards solutions. Deltares, 18(3), 95–100.
Wu, P. C., Wei, M., & D’Hondt, S. (2022). Subsidence in coastal cities throughout the World Observed by InSAR. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(7), 1-11.
Xu, Ye-Shuang, Shui-Long Shen, Dong-Jie Ren, and Huai-Na Wu (2016). Analysis of factors in land subsidence in Shanghai: A View based on a strategic environmental assessment. Sustainability, 8(6), 573.
Young, D. M., & Testik, F. Y. (2009). Onshore scour characteristics around submerged vertical and semicircular breakwaters. Coastal Engineering, 56(8), 868–875.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.