Hubungan modal sosial terhadap aktiviti ekonomi pekebun kecil sawit (The relationship of social capital to the economic activities of the palm oil smallholders)
Abstract
Di Malaysia, salah satu industri eksport terpenting ialah industri minyak sawit. Industri minyak sawit menyumbang RM48 bilion kepada keluaran dalam negara kasar negara pada tahun 2020, dan telah menyediakan sara hidup kepada seramai 249,461 pekebun kecil sawit (PKS). Industri minyak sawit telah memainkan peranan penting dalam usaha negara untuk mengurangkan kemiskinan sejak setengah abad yang lalu. Sejumlah besar bantuan dan program telah disediakan oleh pelbagai agensi kerajaan kepada industri untuk meningkatkan produktiviti dan tahap ekonomi PKS melalui peningkatan modal kewangan, fizikal dan modal insan. Namun begitu, di sebalik pelbagai usaha dilakukan, kebanyakan PKS masih berada di bawah kategori kumpulan pendapatan B40. Penyelidikan di negara lain seperti Indonesia dan Vietnam menunjukkan bahawa selain modal kewangan dan modal insan, komuniti pertanian meningkatkan taraf hidup dan pendapatan mereka dengan meningkatkan tahap modal sosial. Ini kerana mempunyai modal sosial membolehkan individu atau organisasi memperoleh pelbagai bentuk modal daripada sumber lain. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai prestasi aktiviti ekonomi PKS dan mengukur tahap modal sosial PKS melalui dimensi struktur ikatan (bonding), jalinan (bridging) dan rantaian (linking) serta kekuatan dan pengaruh modal sosial terhadap aktiviti ekonomi PKS. Penyelidikan ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan menggunakan teknik persampelan bertujuan untuk mengumpul data kajian daripada 370 PKS di negeri Perak. Analisis menggunakan nilai min, korelasi dan regresi mendedahkan bahawa struktur modal sosial PKS ikatan, jalinan dan rantaian berada pada tahap sederhana tinggi dan berkait secara positif dengan aktiviti ekonomi. Walau bagaimanapun, kekuatan pengaruh berada pada tahap yang rendah. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan modal sosial dalam kalangan PKS masih belum mencapai tahap yang boleh mempengaruhi aktiviti ekonomi seperti dapatan kajian lepas. Justeru, agensi pembangunan yang berkaitan perlu mengintegrasikan perancangan dan program yang dapat meningkatkan tahap modal sosial PKS bagi meningkatkan tahap aktiviti ekonomi mereka.
Keywords: Aktiviti ekonomi, modal sosial ikatan, modal sosial jalinan, modal sosial rantaian, pekebun kecil sawit (PKS), struktur modal sosial
In Malaysia, one of the most important export industries is the palm oil industry. The palm oil industry contributed RM48 billion to the country's gross domestic product in the year 2020, and it has provided a means of subsistence for a total of 249,461 oil palm smallholders (PKS). The palm oil industry has been instrumental in the country's efforts to lessen the prevalence of poverty over the past half-century. A large amount of assistance and programs have been made available by various government agencies to the industry to enhance the productivity and the level of economy of the PKS through enhancing the financial, physical, and human capital. However, despite various efforts, most PKS are still under the category of B40 income group. Research in other countries such as Indonesia and Nigeria show that besides financial and human capital agricultural communities raised their standard of living and income by increasing the levels of social capital. This is because having social capital makes it possible for individuals or organisations to obtain different forms of capital from other sources. Hence, this study is to evaluate the performance of the PKS economic activity and measure the PKS level of social capital through structural dimensions (bonding, bridging, and linking), as well as the strength and influence of social capital on the PKS economic activities. This research adopts a quantitative approach and uses the purposive sampling technique to collect the research data from 370 PKS in the state of Perak. Analysis using min value, correlation and regression reveals that the PKS social capital structure of bonding, bridging, and linking are at a moderately high level and positively related to economic activity. However, the strength of the influence is at a low level. The results of this study indicate that social capital among the PKS has yet to reach the level that can influence economic activity as the findings of previous studies. Hence, the relevant development agencies need to integrate programs to increase the social capital level of PKS to increase their level of economic activities.
Keywords: Economic activities, bonding social capital, bridging social capital, linking social capital, oil palm smallholders (PKS), social capital structure
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