Islamiyyat - The International Journal of Islamic Studies

An Islamic Jurisprudential Evaluation of the Offence of Physical Sexual Assault in Act 792

2026-01-01T09:33:40+00:00

The increasing prevalence of physical sexual assault against children in Malaysia necessitates a comprehensive legal framework for more effective protection. The enactment of the Sexual Offences Against Children Act 2017 (Act 792) underscores Malaysia’s commitment to addressing this issue. However, there is an urgent need to examine Islamic legal provisions to establish a more holistic approach. Despite its significance, fiqh discourse on this crime is relatively limited and requires deeper analysis. This study seeks to examine the provisions of Act 792 in relation to the fiqh perspective on the crime of physical sexual abuse against children. The study utilises content analysis centred on pertinent subjects related to physical interactions with children. The sources include classical fiqh texts from the four major Schools, Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi‘i, and Hanbali, along with contemporary fiqh references. The research shows that Act 792 and fiqh both rely on physical contact and sexual intent as basic criteria for identifying offences. However, Act 792 provides a more thorough categorisation of these offences. In contrast, fiqh adopts a broader, more generalised approach. This study proposes the harmonisation of fiqh principles within Act 792 to enhance child protection through a more comprehensive legal framework. Such an integration would ensure a more robust and culturally relevant legal response to child sexual offences in Malaysia.

Keywords: Child sexual assault; Islamic jurisprudence; Sexual Offences Against Children Act 2017 (Act 792); comparative legal analysis; child protection

ABSTRAK

Peningkatan kes serangan seksual fizikal terhadap kanak-kanak di Malaysia menuntut satu kerangka perundangan yang menyeluruh bagi perlindungan yang lebih berkesan. Penggubalan Akta Kesalahan-Kesalahan Seksual Terhadap Kanak-Kanak 2017 (Akta 792) menzahirkan komitmen Malaysia dalam menangani isu ini. Namun begitu, masih terdapat keperluan untuk meneliti peruntukan undang-undang Islam bagi membentuk pendekatan yang lebih holistik. Walaupun penting, wacana fiqh mengenai jenayah ini masih agak terhad dan memerlukan analisis yang lebih mendalam. Kajian ini bertujuan meneliti peruntukan Akta 792 berhubung perspektif fiqh terhadap jenayah penderaan seksual fizikal terhadap kanak-kanak. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan yang memfokuskan kepada topik-topik berkaitan interaksi fizikal dengan kanak-kanak. Sumber kajian merangkumi teks-teks fiqh klasik daripada empat mazhab utama Hanafi, Maliki, Syafi‘i, dan Hanbali serta rujukan fiqh kontemporari. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa walaupun Akta 792 dan fiqh berkongsi prinsip asas dalam mengenal pasti kesalahan melalui sentuhan fizikal dan niat seksual, Akta 792 menyediakan pengkelasan kesalahan yang lebih terperinci. Sebaliknya, fiqh mengambil pendekatan yang lebih luas dan umum. Kajian ini mencadangkan penyelarasan prinsip-prinsip fiqh dalam Akta 792 bagi memperkukuh perlindungan kanak-kanak melalui kerangka perundangan yang lebih komprehensif. Integrasi sedemikian akan memastikan respons perundangan terhadap kesalahan seksual kanak-kanak di Malaysia menjadi lebih kukuh dan selaras dengan nilai budaya.

Kata kunci: Serangan seksual terhadap kanak-kanak; fiqh Islam; Akta Kesalahan-Kesalahan Seksual Terhadap Kanak-Kanak 2017 (Akta 792); analisis perundangan perbandingan; perlindungan kanak-kanak

A Critical Analysis of the Religious Discourse of Imam Al-Ghazali and Maimonides in Response to the Intellectual and Socio-Political Challenges of their Era

2026-01-01T09:33:40+00:00

This research paper presents a critical comparative analysis of the religious discourses of two seminal figures in Islamic and Jewish intellectual history: Imam Abu Hamid al-Ghazali and Rabbi Moses Maimonides. Drawing on their respective foundational texts (The Revival of the Religious Sciences) and (The Guide for the Perplexed), the study investigates how both thinkers responded to their eras’ intellectual and socio-political challenges. Utilising Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as the primary methodological framework, the paper reveals that Al-Ghazali and Maimonides employed strategic linguistic and ideological mechanisms to reconcile traditional religious tenets with emerging philosophical currents. The findings show that while Al-Ghazali emphasised the integration of Sufi spirituality with orthodox practice to counter moral and theological laxity, Maimonides adopted a rationalist approach that harmonised Aristotelian philosophy with Jewish theology to combat dogmatism and literalism. Despite their differing methodologies, both scholars framed religious renewal as a means to preserve faith amid changing epistemological landscapes. This study contributes to comparative religious discourse analysis by illustrating how language serves as a tool of preservation and transformation in religious thought. It offers critical insights into the mechanisms of religious reform and provides a framework for analysing religious discourse in contemporary contexts, particularly within interfaith dialogue and efforts toward religious modernisation.

Keywords: Al-Ghazali; critical discourse analysis; Maimonides; religious discourse; Islamic thought

Towards an Environmentally Sustainable Green Economy: An Islamic Perspective on Economic Diversification and Environmental Preservation

2026-01-01T09:33:40+00:00

Global sustainability rests upon the twin pillars of the worldwide economy and a quality environment. The world faces significant challenges, including poverty, environmental pollution, and issues related to globalisation. Therefore, developing effective strategies for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals within the designated timeframe is necessary. Every corner of this globe is facing those challenges. To address these global concerns, this study asserts that achieving consistent solutions necessitates the development of a rational, environmentally sustainable, and diversified economy. Islamic economies maintain stability by adhering to permissible practices like halal goods and avoiding prohibited actions such as riba (interest), gharar (excessive speculation), and other Shari’ah restrictions. Key findings of this study indicate that developing a sustainable and environmentally conscious green economy requires effective methods and a diverse range of Shari’ah-compliant financial sources. Efficient production and diversification of the Islamic economy would improve socio-economic conditions and preserve the environment by addressing several international complexities. This study aims to describe an environmentally friendly, sustainable green economy with diversification in a Shari’ah-compliant way. Case study and document analysis methods have been applied to achieve the aim of this research. To analyse and justify the arguments, this paper has reviewed various primary and secondary sources, such as legislation, treaties and relevant scholarly literature. The significance of this study is that it explores, assesses and suggests all possible instruments and sources of Islamic economy that could be diversified for the growth of the global economy, sustainable development and a quality environment.

Keywords: Islamic economic; green economy; environmental ethics in Islam; sustainable development; economic diversification in Muslim countries

Spiritual Leadership and Political Controversy: Reassessing the Role of Sufi Shaykhs during Mamluk Formation through the Lens of Islamic Religious Authority

2026-01-01T09:33:40+00:00

This paper examines the impact of the Mamluks’ formation on their relationship with the Egyptian society, particularly with the Sufis. Both Mamluks and Sufis emerged in Egyptian society during the Ayyubid period. In less than a century, the Mamluks gained control of Egypt and the Levant, establishing a rule lasting over two and a half centuries. During this time, Sufis played a crucial role in Egyptian society, reaching their peak influence under Mamluk rule. One of the key roles of Sufi Shaykhs was to serve as intermediaries between the Mamluk rulers and their subjects. Sufi Shaykhs frequently went beyond spiritual guidance, developing ties with sultans and emirs that exceeded traditional roles. This paper explores the distinctive relationship between certain sultans, emirs, and popular Sufi shaykhs during the Mamluk era. Unlike previous studies focusing on mutual benefit, this analysis investigates the psychosocial dynamics underlying the Mamluks’ formation to uncover the deeper motivations behind these relationships. The unique social identity cultivated by the Mamluks and the sense of otherness (alterity) formed during their early years significantly shaped their relations with various groups in Egyptian society, particularly with Sufi Shaykhs.

Keywords: Mamluk history; Sufi shaykhs; military elites; Islamic religious authority; Mamluk’s social identity; medieval Islamic society

Penggunaan Buku Teks Pengajian al-Quran Sekolah Menengah di Malaysia: Sorotan Literatur Sistematik dalam Konteks Pendidikan Islam Kontemporari

2026-01-01T09:33:40+00:00

Buku teks merupakan instrumen penting dalam sistem pendidikan Malaysia kerana berfungsi sebagai sumber utama rujukan bagi guru dan murid. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia mewajibkan penggunaannya dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran bagi memastikan keberkesanan kurikulum. Walaupun perkembangan era digital telah memperkenalkan pelbagai bahan bantu mengajar baharu, tahap penggunaan dan kualiti buku teks, khususnya dalam konteks pendidikan Islam, masih menjadi isu yang berterusan. Oleh itu, kajian sorotan literatur sistematik (SLR) ini dijalankan bagi menganalisis kajian-kajian terdahulu berhubung penggunaan buku teks di Malaysia serta mengenal pasti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaannya dalam pengajian al-Quran. Berpandukan kerangka PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), sebanyak 32 artikel yang diterbitkan antara tahun 2019 hingga 2024 telah disaring daripada pangkalan data Scopus, Google Scholar, Mendeley dan MyCite. Dapatan kajian ini mengenal pasti dua tema utama yang mempengaruhi penggunaan buku teks dalam kalangan guru dan murid: i) kualiti buku teks yang merangkumi aspek kandungan, aktiviti dan latihan, grafik dan ilustrasi, serta bahasa dan istilah; dan ii) jenis buku teks yang digunakan, sama ada berbentuk fizikal mahupun digital. Implikasi kajian mencadangkan agar Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia melaksanakan semakan semula serta penambahbaikan terhadap buku teks Kelas Khas Kemahiran Membaca dan Menghafaz al-Quran (KKQ). Penambahbaikan ini perlu mengintegrasikan ciri-ciri buku teks berkualiti dengan memberi perhatian kepada cabaran kontemporari, pendekatan pedagogi yang berkesan dan nilai pendidikan Islam yang relevan demi meningkatkan keberkesanan pengajaran dan pembelajaran al-Quran di sekolah menengah.

Kata kunci: Buku teks; KKQ; pendidikan Islam kontemporari; Abad ke-21; kualiti

ABSTRACT

Textbooks are vital instruments in the Malaysian education system as they serve as the primary reference for both teachers and students. The Malaysian Ministry of Education mandates their use in teaching and learning to ensure the effectiveness of the curriculum. Despite the rise of various digital teaching aids in the current era, the level of usage and quality of textbooks, particularly in Islamic education, remains a persistent issue. Hence, this systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to analyse previous studies on textbook usage in Malaysia and to identify the factors influencing their application in Qur’anic education. Guided by the PRISMA framework (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), 32 articles published between 2019 and 2024 were screened from Scopus, Google Scholar, Mendeley, and MyCite databases. The findings identified two main themes influencing textbook use among teachers and students: (i) textbook quality, content, activities, exercises, graphics and illustrations, and language and terminology; and (ii) textbook types, whether physical or digital. The implications of this study suggest that the Ministry of Education should review and improve the Kelas Khas Kemahiran Membaca dan Menghafaz al-Quran (KKQ) textbooks. Such improvement should integrate the characteristics of high-quality textbooks while addressing contemporary challenges, effective pedagogical approaches, and relevant Islamic educational values to enhance the teaching and learning of the Qur’an at the secondary school level.

Keywords: Textbook; KKQ; contemporary Islamic education; 21st century; quality

Penilaian Semula Kaedah Abū Ja’far al-Ṭaḥāwī dalam Mentafsir Nas-Nas Mutashābihāt Sebagai Respons terhadap Kekeliruan Akidah Semasa

2026-01-01T09:33:40+00:00

ꜤAqīdah al-Ṭaḥāwiyyah. Hal ini dengan merangkumi perbahasan-perbahasan berikut: (i) kaedah interaksi ayat-ayat mutashābihāt di sisi para ulama, (ii) pernyataan al-Ṭaḥāwī tentang kaedah interaksi dalam kitab al-ꜤAqīdah al-Ṭaḥāwiyyah dan (iii) analisis kaedah interaksi al-Ṭaḥāwī dalam ayat-ayat mutashābihāt. Metodologi yang digunakan bagi kajian ini ialah rekabentuk kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode analisis dokumen terhadap kitab al-ʻAqīdah al-Ṭaḥāwiyyah dan beberapa syarahannya. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa al-Ṭaḥāwī lebih cenderung kepada pendekatan tafwīḍ iaitu beriman dan menyerahkan sepenuhnya maksud ayat-ayat tersebut kepada Allah SWT serta tidak menambah apa-apa penjelasan terhadapnya sebagaimana yang diamalkan oleh para ulama salaf. Selain itu, beliau juga menegah daripada menggunakan kaedah takwil dan menyifatkan kaedah tafwiḍ sebagai satu langkah yang selamat dan terhindar daripada kesalahan. Implikasi daripada kajian ini ialah ia menjelaskan kaedah sebenar golongan salaf al-ṣālih dalam mentafsir ayat-ayat mutashābihat dengan menjadikan al-Ṭaḥāwī, seorang ulama salaf yang disepakati, sebagai satu contoh yang ideal.

Kata kunci: al-Ṭaḥāwī; al-‘Aqīdah al-Ṭaḥāwiyyah; Mutashābihāt; Salaf; Tafwīḍ

ABSTRACT

The debate on the mutashābihāt verses has been a polemic since time immemorial. Among the conflicts that arise is the question of what the correct method is in interacting with these mutashābihāt verses. Thus, it is essential to carefully examine the approaches of relevant scholars to achieve an accurate understanding and avoid misconceptions such as tashbīh, tajsīm, or ta’ṭīl. Abu Ja’far al-Ṭaḥāwī (d. 321 H) is a Salaf scholar who is recognised as the ultimate reference in the field of Aqidah knowledge. He authored a book, al-ꜤAqīda al-Ṭaḥāwiyya, which scholars of his era accepted from both the Salaf and Khalaf groups. The work covers several key debates: (i) how scholars approach the mutashābihāt verses, (ii) al-Ṭaḥāwī’s own views on this method in al-ꜤAqīda al-Ṭaḥāwiyya, and (iii) an examination of al-Ṭaḥāwī’s approach to interpreting the mutashābihāt verses. The methodology used for this study is a qualitative design using the document analysis method of the book al-`Aqīdah al-Ṭaḥāwiyyah and its commentaries. The results of the survey found that al-Ṭaḥāwī is more inclined to the tafwīḍ approach, which is to believe and submit the meaning of the verses to Allah SWT and not add any explanation to them, as practised by the Salaf scholars. In addition, he also prevented using the takwil method and described the tafwiḍ method as a safe step that avoids mistakes.

Keywords: al-Ṭaḥāwī; al-‘Aqīdah al-Ṭaḥāwiyyah; Mutashābihāt; Salaf; Tafwīḍ

Intervensi Tadbir Urus Islam Negeri Sembilan: Legasi Penjajahan British dalam Sistem Pentadbiran Moden

2026-01-01T09:33:40+00:00

Negeri Sembilan telah mengamalkan agama Islam sebelum kedatangan British dan tadbir urus negara merangkumi struktur dan proses pentadbiran yang mengatur pelaksanaan kuasa oleh institusi kerajaan. Namun demikian, perluasan kuasa British ke Negeri Sembilan membawa campur tangan besar terhadap hal ehwal agama Islam pada abad ke-19M dan 20M. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk meneliti sejarah latar belakang hal ehwal agama Islam di Negeri Sembilan sebelum kedatangan British. Seterusnya menganalisis intervensi British dalam hal ehwal agama Islam dengan tumpuan di Negeri Sembilan. Seterusnya, meneliti implikasi daripada intervensi British terhadap hal ehwal agama Islam di Negeri Sembilan. Metodologi penyelidikan yang digunakan ialah kaedah kualitatif iaitu melalui kajian kepustakaan yang merujuk kepada bahan arkib, buku-buku, jurnal, tesis dan akhbar tempatan yang berkaitan dengan tajuk tersebut. Kajian ini mendapati agama Islam telah bertapak di Negeri Sembilan sebelum kedatangan British. Wilayah-wilayah di Negeri Sembilan telah mempunyai sistem yang tersendiri berteraskan agama Islam. Seterusnya, telah berlaku secara jelas bahawa pegawai atau penasihat British campur tangan dalam semua aspek pemerintahan termasuklah hal ehwal yang menyentuh agama Islam termasuk aspek perundangan dan urusan pentadbiran. Implikasi daripada intervensi British telah mewujudkan sistem yang lebih teratur dalam pentadbiran hal ehwal agama Islam di Negeri Sembilan. Dapat dilihat, intervensi British pada abad ke-19M dan 20M merupakan proses dalam mensistemkan urusan pentadbiran hal ehwal agama Islam di Negeri Sembilan. Intervensi British telah membawa kepada sistem perundangan yang lebih teratur kemudian telah membawa kepada penubuhan badan-badan pentadbiran yang bertanggungjawab mengenai pentadbiran hal ehwal agama Islam bagi Negeri Sembilan.

Kata kunci: Tadbir urus; kolonialisme; British; Negeri Sembilan; hal ehwal agama Islam

ABSTRACT

Negeri Sembilan had embraced Islam before British colonisation, and the governance of the state encompassed administrative structures and processes that regulated the exercise of power by governmental institutions. However, the expansion of British influence into Negeri Sembilan during the 19th and 20th centuries led to significant intervention in Islamic affairs. The study explores the history of Islamic affairs in Negeri Sembilan before the British arrived, investigates how the British influenced religious issues, specifically in Negeri Sembilan, and evaluates the impact on how Islamic affairs were managed in the state. This research adopts a qualitative methodology through library-based research, utilising archival materials, books, journals, theses, and relevant local newspapers. The study found that Islam had already been firmly established in Negeri Sembilan before British arrival, with various territories within the state operating distinct Islamic-based administrative systems. British officers or advisors intervened in virtually all aspects of governance, including those directly affecting Islamic affairs, such as legal and administrative domains. The implication of British intervention was establishing a more structured system for administering Islamic affairs in Negeri Sembilan. The British involvement during the 19th and 20th centuries can thus be seen as a process of systematising the governance of Islamic affairs in the state. This intervention ultimately led to the formation of formal legal frameworks and administrative bodies responsible for managing Islamic matters in Negeri Sembilan.

Keywords: governance; colonialism; British; Negeri Sembilan; Islamic affairs

القراءات المروية عن أبي رجاء العطاردي في تفسير الثعلبي جمعًا ودراسة

2026-01-01T09:33:40+00:00

ملخص

يعد أبو رجاء العطاردي أحد التابعين الذين رووا القراءة عن ابن عباس رضي الله عنهما، وقد روى كثيرًا من القراءات القرآنية، التي تنسب إليه في مصادر
التفسير واللغة العربية وغيرهما، وقد تنوعت القراءات المروية عن أبي رجاء رحمه الله تعالى، فمنها ما هو من قبيل المتواتر الذي روي في روايات القراء
العشرة، ومنها ما لم يرو ويتواتر في روايات القراء العشرة، فالذي روي من قراءات أبي رجاء العطاردي عند القراء العشرة فلا إشكال فيه فهو صحيح
متواتر، وأما ما لم يرو ولم يتواتر عن القراء العشر فهو المحتاج إلى البيان والتخريج، ولذلك جاء هذا البحث ليحقق مرويات أبي رجاء العطاردي في تفسير
الثعلبي، مع التعريف به والتعريف بالقراءات المتواترة الصحيحة وما شذ عنها، ومنهج العلماء في التعامل مع مثل هذه الروايات، لا سيما وأن رواياته
للقراءات مبثوثة في كتب التفسير واللغة العربية والقراءات، وممن أكثر نسبة القراءات إليه المفسر أحمد بن محمد بن إبراهيم الثعلبي رحمه الله في تفسيره
الكشف والبيان عن تفسير القرآن.

الكلمات المفتاحية: القراءات ; المروية ; أبو رجاء; العطاردي ; تفسير الثعلبي

ABSTRACT

Abu Raja’ al-Ataridi is considered one of the Tabi’in who narrated readings from Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with them. He narrated numerous Quranic readings attributed to him in sources of Tafsir, Arabic language, and other disciplines. The readings attributed to Abu Raja encompassed those recognised as Mutawatir (mass-transmitted), as conveyed by the ten readers, and those outside this classification. According to the ten readers, the readings narrated by Abu Raja’ al-Ataridi are undisputed as they are authentic and Mutawatir. On the other hand, those not narrated or mass-transmitted by the ten readers require clarification and validation. Therefore, this study seeks to examine the narrations of Abu Raja’ al-Ataridi found in Al-Tha’labi’s Tafsir, provide background information about him, and differentiate between the reliable Mutawatir readings and those considered irregular, as well as explain how scholars have approached these narrations. This is especially important since his narrations are stated in books of Tafsir, Arabiclanguage, and Quranic readings. Among the scholars who frequently attributed readings to him are the commentator Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Ibrahim al-Tha’labi, may Allah have mercy on him, in his Tafsir “Al-Kashf wal Bayan an Tafsir al-Qur’an.”

Keywords: Quranic Readings; Narrated; Abu Raja’; Al-Ataridi; Al-Tha’labi’s Tafsir

إعادة النظر في نقد ابن حبان للحديث: تحليل منهجي لكتاب “المجروحين” وأهميته المعاصرة

2026-01-01T09:33:40+00:00

الملخص

اتجه جهود العلماء إلى اهتمام بالحديث، ونشأ عن ذلك عدة من العلوم، ومنها علم مناهج المحدثين، وهذا العلم يلعب دورا مهمًا للبيان
مناهج المحدثين وكتب الستة وغيرها وتوضيح مناهج العلماء في الحديث الشريف. الكتب والابحاث كثيرة عن مناهج المحدثين مثل منهج
الإمام البخاري ومنهج مسلم والترمذي وأبي داود والنسائي وابن ماجه والإمام أحمد والحاكم والخطابي وابن حجر والذهبي في كتابه “فلان”
مثل منهج الترمذي في سننه وغير ذلك. وابن حبان البستي هو من الإمام والمحدث والمؤرخ ومن كبار أئمة الحديث الشريف. فقد يتناول
الباحث منهج ابن حبان في أثره المجروحين في هذه الدراسة الصغيرة. تحاول هذه الدراسة الاجابة على أسئلة التالية: من هو ابن حبان
وكيف كانت حياته العلمية وطلب العلم؟ وما هي أهم مصنفات ابن حبان؟ وما هي أهم مميزات منهجه في المجروحين؟ ويمكن إجمال
أهداف البحث فيما يلي: تعريف ابن حبان وبيان حياته العلمية وطلبه للعلم. وذكر أهم مؤلفات لابن حبان والبيان عنها، وتوضيح أهم
مميزات منهج ابن حبان في تأليفه المجروحين. ومن أهم نتائج البحث هي؛ رتب ابن حبان أسماء الرواة على حروف المعجم، وكان يذكر اسم
الراوي، ونسبه ونسبته وكنيته. وعن تسمية الكتاب؛ معرفة المجروحين من المحدثين والضعفاء والمتروكين، ولكنه يسمى المجروحين اختصاراً،
ترجم ونسبه ونسبته وكنيته،
ُوهو أشهر أسمائه، وله أسماء أخرى مثل: كتاب الضعفاء، وكتاب الضعفاء والمجروحين. يذكر المؤلف اسم الم
ترجم، ويذكر وفاته أحيانًا. ويعدُّ ابن حبان من الأئمة المتوسطين في الحكم على
ُولا يُطيل في ذلك غالبًا. يذكر المؤلف من روى عنهم الم
الرجال. وضع ابن حبان قواعد واضحة في هذا الكتاب تحدِّد مذهبه في الحكم على الرجال. وقسَّم عالم الحديث ابن حبان أنواع جرح
الرواة إلى عشرين قسمًا.

الكلمات المفتاحية: الحديث; علم الحديث; مناهج المحدثين; ابن حبان; المجروحين.

ABSTRACT

In this study, scholars have focused their efforts on the examination of Hadith, resulting in the development of multiple disciplines, such as the science concerning the methodologies employed by Hadith scholars. This field is crucial for elucidating the methods used by Hadith scholars, including those who compiled the six books and others, and for shedding light on the principles they applied when studying the noble Hadith. There are numerous books and research studies on the methodologies of Hadith scholars, such as the methodology of Imam Al-Bukhari, Muslim, Al-Tirmidhi, Abu Dawood, Al-Nasa’i, Ibn Majah, Imam Ahmad, Al-Hakim, Al-Khattabi, Ibn Hajar, and Al-Dhahabi in his book, as well as works like ‘The Methodology of Al-Tirmidhi in His Sunan,’ among others. The researcher may explore the methodology of Ibn Hibban in his book Al-Majruhin in this brief study. This study aims to answer the following questions: Who is Ibn Hibban, and what was his scholarly life and pursuit of knowledge like? What are the most important works of Ibn Hibban? What are the key features of his methodology in Al-Majruhin? What kind of contributions did Ibn-i Hibban make to the science of hadith in his work? The main goals of this research are to present an overview of Ibn Hibban and his academic journey, highlight and explain his most important writings, and examine the distinctive traits of his approach in authoring Al-Majruhin. These objectives include introducing Ibn Hibban, explaining his scholarly life and pursuit of knowledge, listing his major works and discussing them, as well as highlighting the distinctive features of his methodology in authoring Al-Majruhin. Ibn Hibbān, often described in sources as “the hadīth scribe” or “the hadīth sheikh of Khorasan,” is renowned for his contributions to verifying the authenticity of hadīths and assessing hadīth narrators through cerh and ta’dīl. He believed that narrators must be knowledgeable to ensure their honesty and fairness, arguing that even a reliable hadīth narrator who was not a jurist (faqīh) could make errors in hadīth texts. Ibn Hibbān also regarded the narration of a trustworthy jurist from memory as questionable, due to potential mistakes with oral transmission. Furthermore, he accepted narrations from individuals who were deemed righteous—even if they weren’t widely known for their piety and included these in his al-Musnad al-sahih. However, he rejected narrations from those who spread sectarian views, considering such reports inadmissible as evidence. Among the most important findings of the research is that Ibn Hibban arranged the names of narrators alphabetically. He would mention the name of the narrator, his lineage, affiliation, and kunya. Regarding the title of the book, it is called Ma‘rifat al-Majruhin min al-Muhaddithin wa al-Du‘afa’ wa al-Matrukin, but it is commonly abbreviated as Al-Majruhin, which is its most wellknown name. It has other names, such as Kitab al-Du‘afa’ and Kitab al-Du‘afa’ wa al-Majruhin. The author mentions the name of the subject, his lineage, affiliation, and kunya, but usually does not elaborate. He also records from whom the subject narrated and sometimes mentions his death. Ibn Hibban is considered one of the strictest scholars in his judgments on narrators. He established clear principles in this book that define his approach to evaluating narrators. The author categorised the types of criticism of narrators into twenty sections.

Keywords: Hadith; Hadith Science; Methods of Hadith Scholars; Ibn Hibban, al-Majrūḥīn

التباس أسماء الأعلام والمؤلفات لأسرة فقهاء في بخارى: أسرة صدر الدين زاده المحبوبي

2026-01-01T09:33:40+00:00

ملخص

يتناول هذا المقال الالتباس حول خمسة فقهاء يشار إليهم جميعا باسم صدر الدين زاده المحبوبي ويأتون من عائلة واحدة. على الرغم
من حقيقة أنها أثرت بشكل كبير على الفقه الحنفي ولعبت دورا نشطا في بخارى طوال القرنين السادس والسابع، إلا أنه لم يتم تمثيل
العلماء الذين يحملون الاسم نفسه ولا سلفهم جمال الدين عبيد الله الذي كان أيضا باحثا مهما بشكل كاف في أبحاث الشريعة الإسلامية
المعاصرة. في الواقع، قام شكري أوزَن ومرتضى بَدِرْ في الموسوعة الإسلامية لوقف الديانة التركي وفي عدد من الدراسات
الأخرى، بتأليف مقالات متعدّدة تشير إلى العلماء الذين يحملون الاسم نفسه وإلى أفراد آخرين من العائلة. غير أنّ هذه الدراسات
تشتمل على قدر كبير من المعلومات الملتبسة بسبب القضايا التي يتناولها هذا البحث، ولا تقدّم بيانات واضحة خصوصاً فيما يتعلّق
بالأنساب. ومع ذلك، غطت هذه الدراسات الكثير من المعلومات المختلطة بسبب الارتباك الذي يعالجه هذا العمل. تهدف هذه الورقة
إلى توضيح الالتباس المحيط بأسماء وعناوين وأعمال الأسماء الخمسة وتحديد أسباب هذا الالتباس. تشمل الطرق المتبعة في البحث
الوصول إلى البيانات الأصلية التي تدعم الحجة الأساسية وهي اختلاط العلماء ببعضهم البعض ومقارنة البحث الحديث بالبيانات
الكلاسيكية وتحليل النتائج. وتختتم الدراسة بعدة نتائج. في البداية، يثبت أن برهان الشريعة محمود وتاج الشريعة عمر يعتبران
شخصين منفردين، وهو أمر خاطئ تماما، أو كشخصين تم الخلط بينهما عن طريق الخطأ. ثانيا، يثبت أن العمل الذي يحمل عنوان
“وقاية الرواية”، المتنازع عليه بينهما، ينتمي بشكل لا لبس فيه إلى برهان الشريعة، في حين أن كتابا آخر بعنوان “الفروق” من
تأليف صدر الشريعة الأول.

الكلمات المفتاحية: الفقه الإسلامي; علماء آسيا الوسطى; تاريخ بخارى العلمي; علم الأنساب للعلماء; اسرة صدر الدين زاده المحبوبي.

ABSTRACT

This article addresses the confusion about five jurists who are all referred to as Sadr al-Din Zadah al-Mahbubi and come from the same family. Although they had a significant impact on Hanafi jurisprudence and were active in Bukhara during the sixth and seventh centuries, both the namesake scholars and their ancestor, Jamal al-Din Ubaydullah, a prominent scholar himself, have not been adequately acknowledged in current research on Islamic law. In fact, Şükrü Özen and Bedir Murteza authored multiple articles in the Diyanet Encyclopedia of Islam (DEI), and Ömer Faruk Atan wrote a PhD dissertation, all of which referenced the namesake scholars and other family members. However, these studies covered a lot of mixed information due to the confusion this work addresses. This paper aims to clarify the confusion of the names, titles, and works of the five namesakes and identify the reasons for this confusion. The research methods involve accessing the primary data supporting the central argument, that the scholars’ work overlaps, comparing modern studies with classical sources, and analysing their findings. The study concludes with several findings. At first, it suggests that Burhan al-Shari’ah Mahmud and Taj al-Shari’ah Umar are incorrectly considered the same person or confused as two separate individuals. Secondly, it establishes that the work titled Wiqāya al-Riwāya, which is contested between the two, unequivocally belongs to Burhan al-Shari’ah, whereas another book entitled “al-Furūq” was authored by Sadr al-Shari’ah the First [al-Avval].

Keywords: Islamic Jurisprudence; Central Asia Ulama; Bukhara Intellectual History; Genealogy of Scholars; Sadr al-Din Zadah of Mahbubi Family.

Mengimani Tangan Allah (Believing in The Hand of Allah) [Translation] by Muhammad Ibn Ahmad al-Dhahabi

2026-01-01T09:33:40+00:00