Islamiyyat - The International Journal of Islamic Studies
Islamiyyat: The International Journal of Islamic Studies (ISSN 0126-5636 / e-ISSN 2600-8556) was established in 1977 and is published biannually (June and December) by UKM Press, Malaysia. The journal is a peer-reviewed academic platform dedicated to the scholarly exploration of Islamic thought, texts, traditions, and contemporary issues impacting Muslim societies globally. Islamiyyat is indexed in the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) of Web of Science, with a Journal Citation Reports (JCR) 2024 Impact Factor of 0.9. It is also indexed in Index Islamicus, ProQuest, UDLedge, MyCite, MyJurnal, and the UKM Journal Article Repository (UJAR). Islamiyyat welcomes interdisciplinary research contributions in Islamic studies and aims to foster intellectual dialogue among international scholars. The journal publishes original research articles, review papers, commentaries, research notes, and book reviews written in Malay, English or Arabic. All submitted manuscripts must present original, unpublished work and should not be under consideration for publication elsewhere. Submissions must demonstrate rigorous methodology, contribute to the existing body of knowledge, and comply with the journal’s ethical and academic standards. International Advisory Board : Australia (1), Canada (1), Indonesia (8), India (2), Japan (1), Jordan (1), Pakistan (2), Qatar (2), Turkey (1), United Kingdom (2) Editorial Team : Malaysia (13), Australia (2), Belgium (2), Canada (1), Germany(1), Indonesia (1), Iran (1), Japan (1), Oman (1), Pakistan (2), Qatar (1), Singapore (1), Sri Lanka (1), Turkey (2), United Kingdom (4), United State (2)
Accuracy of Qibla Direction: Evaluating Smartphone Apps with the Istiwa’ Adzam Method
Accurate determination of the Qibla direction is crucial for Muslims worldwide, particularly those residing far from Mecca, making it a global concern. In Malaysia, approximately 5000 km away from Mecca, determining the Qibla direction presents significant challenges. A deviation of one degree can result in a discrepancy of up to 180 km from the Ka’ba. Today’s technology, especially smartphone apps, provides the simplest and quickest way to find the Qibla. However, their accuracy is often questionable. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of Qibla direction in various Qibla direction applications across different smartphone models by comparing it with the istiwa’ adzam method. This study employed a field research approach and a descriptive data analysis. Data collection was conducted through observations on July 15 and 16, 2020, at the East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ECERI). The results of this study reveal that the accuracy of the Qibla direction determined using the istiwa’ adzam method is consistent. In contrast, several smartphone applications exhibit deviations of up to 15° from the true Qibla direction, whereas the most reliable app, Easy Qiblat (Sun), consistently shows zero deviation across all tested smartphones. This study suggests that it is essential to reevaluate and enhance the Qibla applications currently available on smartphones. Keywords: Accuracy; istiwa’ adzam; islamic astronomy; qibla direction; smartphone applications ABSTRAK Penentuan arah kiblat yang tepat adalah penting bagi umat Islam di seluruh dunia, terutamanya mereka yang tinggal jauh dari Mekah, menjadikannya isu antarabangsa yang penting. Di Malaysia, kira-kira 5000 km dari Mekah, penentuan arah kiblat memberikan cabaran yang ketara. Malah sisihan satu darjah boleh membawa kepada percanggahan sehingga 180 km dari Kaabah. Teknologi moden, termasuk aplikasi telefon pintar, menawarkan kaedah yang paling mudah dan cepat untuk menentukan kiblat, tetapi ketepatannya sering dipersoalkan. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menilai ketepatan arah kiblat dalam pelbagai aplikasi arah kiblat di dalam telefon pintar yang berbeza dengan membandingkannya dengan kaedah istiwa’ adzam. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kajian lapangan dan analisis data deskriptif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui pemerhatian pada 15 dan 16 Julai 2020 di Institut Penyelidikan Alam Sekitar Pantai Timur (ESERI). Hasil kajian ini mendedahkan ketepatan arah kiblat yang ditentukan menggunakan kaedah istiwa’ adzam adalah konsisten, manakala beberapa aplikasi telefon pintar menunjukkan sisihan sehingga 15° daripada arah kiblat sebenar manakala aplikasi paling dipercayai ditemui ialah Easy Qiblat (Sun), di mana ia secara konsisten menunjukkan sisihan sifar merentas semua telefon pintar yang diuji. Kajian ini mencadangkan bahawa penilaian semula dan penambahbaikan aplikasi Kiblat yang digunakan dalam telefon pintar adalah perlu. Kata kunci: Astronomi Islam; arah kiblat; aplikasi telefon pintar; istiwa’ adzam; ketepatan
Challenges of Papuan Muslim Minority: A Thematic Analysis
This study aims to explain the challenges and mobilisation faced by the Papuan Muslim minority in maintaining an Islamic identity in Papua. The methodology employed for data analysis is grounded in descriptive analysis. The research data was obtained through a comprehensive search of news sources in both newspapers and online magazines. In the study, keywords determined and used to filter news sources were “Papuan Muslims and (Papuan Muslims) Minorities”. During data collection, news sources are not restricted to a particular time frame. After the screening and data collection process, 21 of the most relevant documents were found. This document serves as a primer material and is analysed using NVivo 12 Plus tools. This research shows that Papua’s Muslim minority faces complex challenges such as discrimination, injustice, and neglect of civil rights. In addition, the ongoing conflict and violence in Papua also have a negative impact on Papua’s Muslim community, resulting in limited access to public facilities. Despite the significant challenges facing the Papuan Muslim minority, they continue to mobilise the movement to fight for their rights and interests. Mobilisation efforts were carried out by organising religious groups to improve social welfare. They also engage in intercultural and interreligious dialogue. Research is limited to the use of data obtained solely from news sources. Therefore, further research using field data is needed to obtain a more comprehensive explanation of the forms of challenges faced, especially by religious groups in Indonesia. Keywords: Papuan Muslims, Muslim minority group, religious community, Muslim group challenges
Desire and Pleasure in Islamic Thought: A Critical Study
In Islamic thought, the concepts of desire, goodness, evil and pleasure are pivotal for understanding human moral and spiritual development. This study examined the philosophical aspects of happiness, focusing on the interplay between intellectual virtues and bodily pleasures. It posits that true happiness primarily arises from the exercise of reason while also recognising the significant role of physical enjoyment in this pursuit. The conditions conducive to happiness are categorised into three key domains: actions related to the body, emotional states, and cognitive discernment. Furthermore, the fear of death is identified as a significant barrier to happiness, often rooted in a lack of knowledge about the afterlife. This ignorance can lead to anxiety, ultimately diminishing overall well-being. The paper suggests that both religious and philosophical education are essential for providing insights into the nature of death, thus alleviating fear and fostering a deeper understanding of happiness. The study analysed primary Islamic texts and contemporary scholarly interpretations to explore how these teachings can develop intellectual capacities. This development enables individuals to address challenges to their well-being and prepare for a meaningful existence in both this life and the next. This study highlights the importance of a balanced approach to happiness that incorporates both intellectual and physical dimensions, thereby contributing to a comprehensive understanding of well-being. Keywords: Pleasure; happiness; Islamic thought; education; well-being
Hadith Meets Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point: A Path to Sustainable Food Safety Practice for SMEs
Food is a product prone to contamination from various sources, including pathogens, dirt and foreign substances. Food safety is now recognised as a global issue, with foodborne diseases worldwide reaching alarming levels. This issue occurred despite extensive research having been conducted in food safety, encompassing preventive and control techniques for implementation in the food-based industry, catering, and food service sectors. The objective of this study is to analyse hadiths from Kutub Tis‘ah and adapt them into an instrument that can serve as either an alternative or an added value. This qualitative study employed content and thematic analysis. The findings demonstrated the development of a Hadith Analysis Tool (HAT) as an alternative to mitigate food contamination and promote compliance with halalan tayyiban principles in food production among SMEs. This work aims to serve as a reference for enhancing the awareness and responsibility of food producers and providers regarding hygiene, safety, and adherence to Sharia principles. Thus, this study contributed to the integration of religious knowledge and food science in addressing the global issue of food safety, while also enhancing consumer trust in food products. Keywords: Food safety; hadith; Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point; Hadith Analysis Tool; Food Service ABSTRAK Makanan adalah produk yang terdedah kepada pencemaran sama ada daripada serangan patogen, kotoran dan bendasing. Keselamatan makanan pada masa kini diiktiraf sebagai isu global. Malah, jumlah penyakit bawaan makanan di seluruh dunia berada pada tahap tertinggi walaupun pelbagai kajian telah dijalankan dalam bidang keselamatan makanan meliputi teknik pencegahan dan kawalan untuk dilaksanakan ke dalam industri berasaskan makanan, katering dan sektor perkhidmatan makanan. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hadith-hadith dari Kutub Tis‘ah serta mengadaptasi hadith tersebut ke dalam satu bentuk instrumen yang boleh dimanfaatkan sama ada sebagai alternatif ataupun nilai tambah semasa. Kajian ini berbentuk kajian kualitatif menggunakan analisis kandungan dan tematik. Hasilnya, kajian berhasil membangunkan instrumen analisis berasaskan hadith selaku alternatif mengekang pencemaran terhadap makanan dan memacu pematuhan halalan tayyiban dalam penghasilan produk makanan di PKS. Instrumen ini berpotensi untuk dijadikan rujukan utama dalam meningkatkan kesedaran dan tanggungjawab pengeluar serta penyedia makanan terhadap aspek kebersihan, keselamatan dan pematuhan syariah. Dengan demikian, kajian ini memberikan sumbangan yang signifikan kepada integrasi ilmu agama dan sains makanan dalam menyelesaikan isu global keselamatan makanan, di samping memperkukuhkan lagi kepercayaan pengguna terhadap produk makanan yang dihasilkan. Kata kunci: Keselamatan makanan; hadith; Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point; Hadith Analysis Tool; Perkhidmatan Makanan
Jahiliyya and Hakimiyya in Islamic Thought: Historical Trajectories, Ideological Transformations and Contemporary Implications
Islamic scholarship has continuously developed interpretations of concepts such as jahiliyya and hakimiyya, underscoring their significance in shaping Islamic discourse across various historical periods. This research examines these terms from their historical origins to contemporary adaptations by extremist groups, highlighting their importance in supporting particular ideologies and actions. By reviewing key figures such as Ibn Taymiyya, Mawdudi, and Qutb, alongside an analysis of the ideological frameworks of groups like ISIS, the interaction between historical Islamic traditions and contemporary challenges was elucidated. This study highlights how these traditions have been dynamically reinterpreted to address modern complexities. The study aims to deepen the understanding of jahiliyya and hakimiyya in contemporary radical Islamic thought, underscoring their significance and influence within the broader context of Islamic intellectual discourse. By exploring this complex tapestry, the study highlighted the adaptability of religious terms and their impact on the socio-political dynamics of the Muslim world. Keywords: Jahiliyya; hakimiyya; Ibn Taymiyya; ISIS
Key Features of Effective Database Management System Guidelines for Assisting Asnaf - Individuals in Need (GAIN)
The use of mobile smartphone applications has been proven to enhance management efficiency and holds significant potential for widespread adoption in the administration of data related to individuals in need within this country which known as asnaf. The implementation of a systematic and effective database management system enables better organization of asnaf data, helping NGOs efficiently identify and support those in need through mobile smartphone technology. Therefore, this study identifies the factors involved in determining the features of a database management system application specifically designed for the storage of data on individuals in need and develops a guideline for the effective features of such applications. This study employs a qualitative research design. A total of 12 participants from 8 NGOs/agencies were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. The analysis of the study’s findings using ATLAS.ti software had identified six factors that influence the determination of database management system application features that can drive the effectiveness of NGO and government agency management in systematically handling data for individuals in need. These factors include the application’s objectives and requirements, system functionality, data security assurance, application or system costs, system maintenance, and user manuals and instructions. The implications of this study have resulted in the development of an effective data management system application guideline, the Database Management System Guidelines for Asnaf - Individuals in Need (GAIN), as a reference for NGOs/agencies involved in providing support to those in need. Keywords: Data management; guidelines; asnaf; smartphone applications; social works ABSTRAK Penggunaan teknologi telefon pintar dalam pengurusan data telah terbukti berupaya meningkatkan kecekapan pentadbiran serta berpotensi untuk diterapkan secara meluas dalam sistem pengurusan maklumat berkaitan individu yang memerlukan bantuan iaitu asnaf di negara ini. Pelaksanaan sistem pengurusan pangkalan data yang sistematik dan effektif membolehkan penyusunan data asnaf dilakukan dengan lebih teratur serta membantu NGO mengenal pasti dan menyokong golongan yang memerlukan dengan lebih efisien melalui teknologi telefon pintar. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti faktor-faktor utama yang menentukan ciri-ciri kritikal sistem pengurusan pangkalan data yang dikhususkan untuk penyimpanan maklumat individu dalam kategori ini serta merangka garis panduan bagi pembangunan aplikasi yang efektif dalam konteks tersebut. Kajian ini menggunakan reka bentuk penyelidikan kualitatif dengan kaedah temu bual separa berstruktur yang melibatkan 12 informan daripada lapan badan bukan kerajaan (NGO) dan agensi berkaitan. Dapatan kajian yang dianalisis menggunakan perisian ATLAS.ti telah mengenal pasti enam faktor utama yang mempengaruhi penentuan ciri-ciri sistem pengurusan pangkalan data, yang berupaya meningkatkan keberkesanan pengurusan maklumat secara sistematik dalam kalangan NGO dan agensi kerajaan. Faktor-faktor tersebut merangkumi objektif dan keperluan aplikasi, fungsi sistem, jaminan keselamatan data, kos pembangunan dan operasi sistem, keperluan penyelenggaraan berkala, serta dokumentasi manual dan arahan penggunaan. Implikasi kajian ini telah membawa kepada pembangunan garis panduan komprehensif bagi aplikasi sistem pengurusan data yang berkesan, dikenali sebagai Database Management System Guidelines for Asnaf-Individuals in Need (GAIN), yang dapat dijadikan rujukan utama bagi NGO dan agensi berkaitan dalam usaha mereka menyampaikan bantuan secara lebih tersusun dan sistematik. Kata kunci: Pengurusan data; garis panduan; asnaf; aplikasi telefon pintar; kerja sosial
Mapping Zakat in the Academic Landscape: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Past Two Decades (2001-2021)
The purpose of this paper is to conduct a bibliometric study of Zakat, analysing performance, citation analysis, network analysis, trend analysis, and other bibliometric indicators. This paper also outlines a research agenda for future studies related to zakat within the academic landscape. A total of 710 articles published between 2001 and 2021 were collected through an automated process from the Scopus database and subsequently analysed using the Biblioshiny application within RStudio software and VOSviewer. With 346 documents analysed, the Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research was identified as a frequently cited source, while Saad Raj, Sawandi, and Wahid were recognised as the most productive authors. The keyword “zakat” was a prominent focus in the research landscape, indicating it covers significant research themes. The study proposes the adoption of newer keywords such as zakat management, zakat distribution, and zakat beneficiaries for future research. Despite the limitations associated with the exclusive use of the Scopus database, this study made a valuable contribution to Islamic social finance by providing insightful bibliometric findings. Future research could be extended by incorporating other databases, such as Web of Science (WoS) or Google Scholar, which may yield richer results. This paper aids researchers in refining publication strategies, identifying key scholars and institutions, and understanding research trends in Zakat, thereby contributing to the broader development of the ummah. Keywords: Bibliometric analysis; Islamic economy; Islamic finance; poverty; social welfare; zakat ABSTRAK Tujuan kertas kerja ini adalah untuk membangunkan kajian bibliometrik Zakat dengan menganalisis prestasi, analisis petikan, analisis rangkaian, analisis trend, dan penunjuk bibliometrik yang lain. Kertas kerja ini juga mengenal pasti agenda penyelidikan untuk penyelidikan masa depan berkaitan zakat dalam landskap akademik. Sebanyak 710 artikel yang diterbitkan antara 2001 dan 2021 telah dikumpulkan melalui proses automatik daripada pangkalan data Scopus dan kemudiannya dianalisis menggunakan aplikasi Biblioshiny bagi perisian R-studio dan VOSviewer. Dengan 346 dokumen dianalisis, Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research muncul sebagai sumber yang dipetik tempatan, manakala Saad Raj, Sawandi, dan Wahid dikenal pasti sebagai pengarang yang paling produktif. Kata kunci “zakat” mendominasi landskap penyelidikan, menunjukkan bahawa ia merangkumi tema penyelidikan utama. Kajian ini mencadangkan penggunaan kata kunci yang lebih baru seperti pengurusan zakat, agihan zakat, dan penerima zakat untuk penyelidikan masa depan. Walaupun batasan terikat dengan penggunaan eksklusif pangkalan data Scopus, kajian ini menyumbang kepada kewangan sosial Islam dengan menawarkan pandangan bibliometrik yang berharga. Penyelidikan masa depan boleh memanjangkan analisis ini dengan memasukkan pangkalan data lain seperti WoS atau Google Scholar, yang berpotensi menghasilkan hasil yang lebih kaya. Kertas kerja ini membantu penyelidik dalam memperhalusi strategi penerbitan, mengenal pasti ulama dan institusi utama, dan memahami trend penyelidikan dalam Zakat, seterusnya menyumbang kepada pembangunan ummah yang lebih luas. Kata kunci: Analisis bibliometrik; ekonomi Islam; kewangan Islam; kemiskinan; kebajikan sosial; zakat
Minds Illumination: Exploring Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTs) in the Tahfiz Integrated Curriculum
The Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE) has strategically implemented the concept of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTs) to improve students’ abilities in addressing the increasing global competition. This initiative extends beyond the national subjects outlined in the Secondary School Standard Curriculum (KSSM) and seamlessly integrates with the Tahfiz Integrated Curriculum (KBT). This article explores the intricate dynamics of HOTs within Malaysia’s educational landscape, as outlined in the Malaysian Education Blueprint (PPPM) 2013-2025. A critical examination of issues arising from the integration of HOTs in KBT is essential to understanding its effectiveness. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis using a research design that employed literature search techniques, with findings subjected to deductive analysis. Although there is an increasing emphasis on Higher Order Thinking skills (HOTs), research on their integration into the Hifz al-Quran subject within KBT is limited. This gap restricts the understanding of their implications. The adoption of HOTs from Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy has sparked debates regarding the relevance of advanced cognitive skills, particularly in the context of Hifz al-Quran within KBT. Previous studies have identified and categorised challenges related to implementing HOTs in KBT, highlighting three main categories. These classifications contribute valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of issues confronted during the integration of HOTs into the KBT, paving the way for targeted improvements in educational strategies and outcomes. Keywords: HOTs; thinking skill; MOE; tahfiz integrated curriculum; Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy ABSTRAK Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (KPM) dengan strategiknya memperkenalkan konsep Kemahiran Berfikir Aras Tinggi (KBAT) untuk meningkatkan keupayaan pelajar menghadapi persaingan global yang semakin meningkat. Inisiatif ini juga diguna pakai di dalam mata pelajaran kebangsaan yang termaktub dalam Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Menengah (KSSM) dan seterusnya digunakan juga dalam Kurikulum Bersepadu Tahfiz (KBT). Artikel ini mengkaji secara mendalam dinamika KBAT dalam landskap pendidikan Malaysia, sebagaimana yang diperincikan dalam Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia (PPPM) 2013-2025. Penerokaan kritis terhadap isu-isu yang timbul daripada pengintegrasian KBAT dalam KBT adalah penting untuk memahami keberkesanannya. Dalam menjalankan analisis menyeluruh, kajian ini menggunakan reka bentuk penyelidikan dengan teknik carian literatur, dengan dapatan dianalisis secara deduktif. Penggunaan elemen KBAT dalam pengajaran semakin meningkat, tetapi penyelidikan yang mengkaji pengintegrasian KBAT ke dalam mata pelajaran Hifz al-Quran dalam KBT masih terhad, justeru mengurangkan pemahaman terhadap kesan aplikasinya. Penerimaan KBAT dari Kerangka Taksonomi Semakan Bloom telah menimbulkan perdebatan mengenai kerelevanan kemahiran kognitif tinggi, khususnya dalam konteks Hifz al-Quran dalam KBT. Kajian terdahulu telah mengenal pasti dan mengategorikan cabaran-cabaran yang berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan KBAT dalam KBT, dan membahagikan cabaran tersebut kepada tiga kategori utama yang berbeza. Klasifikasi ini memberikan input terhadap isu atau cabaran yang wujud semasa pengintegrasian KBAT ke dalam KBT, seterusnya membuka ruang untuk menambahbaik strategi pendidikan dan pencapaian. Kata kunci: KBAT; kemahiran berfikir; KPM; kurikulum bersepadu tahfiz; Taksonomi Semakan Bloom
Pelarasan Waktu Solat untuk Lokasi Beraltitud Tinggi: Analisis Berpacukan Data
ABSTRAK Salah satu syarat sah solat ialah menunaikan solat pada waktu yang telah ditetapkan berdasarkan al-Qur’an dan Hadis. Oleh itu, menjadi satu keperluan dan kepentingan untuk mengetahui waktu bermula dan berakhirnya waktu-waktu solat tersebut agar solat dapat dilakukan dengan sempurna. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti dan menganalisis aspek-aspek yang mempengaruhi waktu solat di tempat dan bangunan tinggi serta membuat penilaian semula waktu Syuruk dan Maghrib di tempat dan bangunan tinggi dengan mengambil kira faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi waktu solat tersebut. Lokasi kajian ialah di Pengkalan SKN312 Western Hill, Pulau Pinang bagi ufuk Barat (waktu Maghrib) manakala Bukit Maras, Kuala Nerus dan Menara Kuantan 188, Pahang telah dipilih bagi ufuk timur (waktu Syuruk), masing-masing pada ketinggian 813m, 329m dan 104m. Kaedah ekstrapolasi data berdasarkan trend taburan data cerapan telah dilakukan. Selain itu, simulasi menggunakan persamaan yang bersesuaian telah dihasilkan. Hasil extrapolasi data lapangan bagi waktu Maghrib menunjukkan bahawa pada ketinggian 813m, matahari terbenam 3 – 4 minit lebih lewat. Manakala pada ketinggian 104m, matahari terbit 1.2 – 1.3 minit lebih awal yang menunjukkan waktu Syuruk itu bersamaan dengan waktu syuruk yang dicatatkan di dalam takwim bagi Kuantan. Bagi hitungan simulasi data sintetik pula, kajian mendapati bahawa pendekatan berbeza yang digunakan adalah selari antara satu sama lain dan memberi ralat bacaan yang sangat kecil. Nilai pembiasan yang dihitung pada paras laut di Pulau Pinang ialah 32 arka minit. Pada ketinggian 100m, matahari terbenam 1.384 minit lebih lewat dan pada ketinggian 813m, matahari terbenam lebih kurang 4 minit lebih lewat. Kata kunci: Bangunan tinggi; junaman ufuk; tanah tinggi; matahari; waktu solat ABSTRACT One of the essential conditions for the validity of prayer (solat) in Islam is that it must be performed within the prescribed times based on the Quran and Hadith. Therefore, it is essential to accurately determine the specific start and end times for these prayers to ensure they are performed correctly. This study aims to identify and analyse the factors influencing prayer times at elevated locations and high-rise buildings, and to re-evaluate the times for Syuruk (sunrise) and Maghrib (sunset) at these locations, taking into account the factors affecting prayer times. Research was conducted at Pengkalan SKN312 Western Hill, Penang, for the western horizon (Maghrib time), and at Bukit Maras, Kuala Nerus, and Menara Kuantan 188, Pahang, for the eastern horizon (Syuruk time) at elevations of 813 m, 329 m, and 104 m, respectively. Data extrapolation methods based on observational data trends were employed. Additionally, simulations were generated using appropriate equations. The extrapolated field data for Maghrib indicated that at an elevation of 813m, the sunset occurs 3–4 minutes later. At an elevation of 104 m, sunrise occurs 1.2–1.3 minutes earlier, aligning with the sunrise times recorded in the Kuantan calendar. The study found that various methods for synthetic data simulation calculations were in agreement with one another and produced minimal errors. The calculated refraction value at sea level in Penang is 32 arc minutes. At an elevation of 100m, sunset occurs 1.384 minutes later, and at 813m, sunset occurs approximately 4 minutes later. Keywords: Elevated location; high-rise buildings; horizon dip; prayer times; sun
Pemerkasaan Teras Integrasi Nasional di Malaysia Berpandukan Perspektif Surah Madaniyyah
ABSTRAK Realiti nilai integrasi nasional dalam setiap negara majmuk adalah suatu perkara yang kompleks. Hal ini didasari kompleksiti persekitaran sosiobudaya yang terbentuk melalui gabungan kepelbagaian agama, kepercayaan, adat, budaya dan amalan yang berbeza dalam komuniti. Dalam konteks Malaysia, indeks Perpaduan Nasional (IPNas) bagi tahun 2022 mencatatkan peningkatan skor pada kadar 0.62 peratus berbanding 0.57 peratus pada tahun 2018. Kedudukan nilai skor berkenaan menunjukkan kualiti perpaduan dan integrasi nasional di Malaysia adalah sederhana dan terkawal. Namun begitu, tinjauan terhadap konstruk dimensi penilaian IPNas memaparkan peranan Islam sebagai agama rasmi negara didapati masih kurang dimartabatkan sebagai teras integrasi dan perpaduan nasional. Justeru, kajian ini dikemukakan bagi memperkasakan teras integrasi dan perpaduan nasional di Malaysia berpandukan perspektif terpilih dalam kompilasi surah-surah Madaniyyah. Berasaskan metode analisis kandungan secara tematik, kajian berbentuk kualitatif ini berusaha menangani defisit sosial berdasarkan perspektif al-Quran. Melalui pendekatan tafsir mawdu‘i (tematik) dan tafsir tahlili (analitik), kajian ini telah mengenal pasti sebanyak 40 ayat daripada 17 surah Madaniyyah mengandungi wacana panduan integrasi nasional yang komprehensif. Kajian ini mendapati manifestasi kompilasi ayat-ayat Madaniyyah berkenaan terpapar dalam peradaban negara Islam Madinah, model terbaik negara majmuk pasca peristiwa hijrah. Justeru, kajian ini optimis perspektif surah Madaniyyah berupaya memperkasa teras integrasi, menangani defisit sosial, memacu kesepaduan sosial dan meningkatkan kualiti perpaduan nasional di Malaysia sebagaimana aspirasi IPNas 2022. Kesimpulannya, inisiatif pemerkasaan perpaduan nasional berpaksikan panduan al-Quran wajar dimartabatkan di Malaysia dan seluruh negara majmuk peringkat global. Kata kunci: Perpaduan; integrasi; nasional; surah; madaniyyah ABSTRACT The issue of national integration in plural countries is a complex matter, as it is influenced by the socio-cultural environment shaped by the combination of different religions, beliefs, customs, cultures, and practices in the community. In Malaysia, the National Unity Index (IPNas) 2022 showed a score increase of 0.62 percent, compared to 0.57 percent in 2018, indicating a moderate and controlled position for national unity and integration. However, the evaluation of IPNas dimensions revealed that Islam, as the country’s official religion, is still not considered the core of national integration and unity. Thus, this study was conducted to strengthen national integration and unity in Malaysia, drawing on selected perspectives from the Madaniyyah surahs. This qualitative study utilises the thematic content analysis method to address social deficits from the perspective of the Qur’an. After conducting thematic and analytical Quranic exegesis, the study has identified 40 verses from 17 Madaniyyah surahs that offer comprehensive guidance on national integration. This study found that these Madaniyyah verses are reflected in the development of the Islamic state of Madinah, which is regarded as a model of a pluralistic state after the migration. This study suggests that the perspective of Surah Madaniyyah could strengthen integration, address social deficits, promote social cohesion, and enhance national unity in Malaysia, aligning with the goals of IPNas 2022. In conclusion, national unity initiatives guided by the Quran should be prioritised in Malaysia and globally. Keywords: Unity; integration; national; surah; madaniyyah
Perawi Patronimi Bernama Hilal dalam al-Kutub al-Sittah
ABSTRAK Sarjana hadis memberi perhatian khusus terhadap rantaian perawi (sanad) dalam al-Kutub al-Sittah. Kitab-kitab ini adakalanya menggugurkan nama penuh atau ulasan terhadap perawi, terutamanya ketika menukilkan nama perawi yang dinasabkan kepada keturunan bapa ke atas. Ini menyebabkan pembaca terkeliru, kerana menyangka individu sama yang disebut dengan nama berbeza adalah dua individu berlainan. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti dua perawi patronimi bernama Hilal dan riwayat hadis mereka daripada Nabi. Dengan menggunakan kajian kualitatif, analisis teks hadis dan karya rijal, hasil kajian menunjukkan faktor nama patronimi Arab adalah sebab utama pengulangan berlaku. Kajian mendapati tiga perawi dinasabkan kepada nama bapa, dua perawi dinasabkan kepada gelaran bapa (kunyah), seorang perawi dinasabkan kepada nama datuk, seorang dinasabkan kepada gelaran moyang (kunyah) dan seorang perawi dengan nama gelaran (laqab). Kedudukan muktabar al-Kutub al-Sittah yang dicapai pada zaman dahulu tidak menghalang kajian berterusan pada masa kini dan bagi para pengkaji hadis, keahlian mereka menganalisis dan mengkritik dibuat bertujuan untuk memelihara warisan hadis Nabi Salla’Llahu ʻalaih wa sallam. Kata kunci: Nama; perawi; sanad; riwayat; al-Kutub al-Sittah ABSTRACT Scholars of hadith have devoted extensive attention to the chains of transmission (isnad) in the Six Major Hadith Books. Sometimes, these books omit full names or details of narrators, particularly when the narrators are identified only by their first name and patronymic. This may lead to confusion among readers, as they might incorrectly assume that one individual referred to by different names is two distinct persons. This study aims to identify two narrators with the patronymic name Hilal and trace their narrations from the Prophet. By employing qualitative research and analysing hadith texts and biographical sources (rijal), this study concluded that patronymic names in Arabic significantly contribute to the repetition of these names. The study identified three narrators by their father’s name, two by their father’s teknonymic name (kunyah), one by their grandfather’s name, one by their great-grandfather’s teknonymic name (kunyah), and one by a personal surname (laqab). The canonical status achieved by the Six Major Hadith Books has been continuously the subject of study, and scholars of hadith always reserve the right to scrutinise it critically to preserve the legacy of the Prophet, peace be upon him. Keywords: Name; narrator; chains of transmission; narration; Six Major Hadith Books
This research examined Quranic guidance on verses that address the removal of hardship, a critical yet underexplored aspect of Islamic law. Sharia, as articulated in the Quran, is fundamentally intended to alleviate hardships and promote ease for adherents. Despite its significance, the principle of alleviating hardship in Islamic law remains insufficiently explored in contemporary scholarship. This study aims to comprehensively analyse Quranic verses that explicitly address the removal of hardship («haraj») to uncover the underlying principles of ease in Sharia. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the research integrated insights from classical Tafsir (exegesis) to provide a deeper understanding of these verses. The findings confirm that Sharia prioritises the removal of hardship unconditionally, thereby reinforcing the principle of ease as a universal maxim in Islamic law. These conclusions highlight the compassionate foundations of Sharia and its role in promoting overall well-being. This study offers valuable insights into contemporary applications of Islamic law, highlighting its relevance in addressing the challenges of modern society. Keywords: Guidance; The Quran; verses; removing hardship; Sharia
Religious Moderation in Indonesia: An Appraisal for Its Implementation in Nigeria
It is believed that the Abrahamic religions unanimously preach love, peace, tolerance, acceptance, respect, and compromise, as well as peaceful coexistence among their adherents, regardless of differences in religion, ethnicity, culture, skin colour, and race, among others. This collectively forms what is known today as “Religious Moderation.” Extremism was discouraged and condemned by these monotheistic religions. How did the Republic of Indonesia successfully implement religious moderation despite its pluralistic nature, while Nigeria, with a similar diversity, has not yet achieved this? This research aims to evaluate the practice of religious moderation and its implementation in Indonesia, to provide insights that may assist the Nigerian government in making informed decisions. The qualitative method was used in this research to achieve the desired target. The analytical method is also used to analyse the achievements and challenges facing the implementation of religious moderation in Nigeria. The findings indicate that Indonesia is a key player in promoting religious moderation globally, and it has effectively integrated this concept into its government policies, resulting in the country’s peaceful coexistence. This research, therefore, recommended that insofar as Islam and Muslims progress, most of the Muslim countries, including Nigeria, should follow the footsteps of Indonesia. Keywords: Indonesia; moderation; Muslim countries; Nigeria; religious ABSTRAK Adalah dipercayai bahawa agama-agama Abrahamik sebulat suara mengkhabarkan cinta, keamanan, toleransi, penerimaan, penghormatan, dan kompromi serta kedamaian hidup bersama di kalangan penganutnya tanpa mengira perbezaan agama, budaya etnik, warna kulit, dan bangsa antara lain. Ini secara kolektif membentuk apa yang dikenali hari ini sebagai “Kesederhanaan Agama.” Semua yang menyebabkan ekstremisme tidak digalakkan dan dikutuk oleh agama-agama monoteistik ini. Bagaimanakah Republik Indonesia melaksanakan sepenuhnya kesederhanaan agama walaupun sifatnya yang pluralistik dan Nigeria dengan sifat yang serupa belum tercapai? Penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk menilai amalan kesederhanaan agama dan bagaimana ia dilaksanakan di Indonesia bagi kerajaan Nigeria untuk membuat susulan kepada kesimpulan logiknya. Kaedah Kualitatif telah digunakan dalam penyelidikan ini untuk mencapai sasaran yang dikehendaki. Analisis juga digunakan untuk menganalisis pencapaian dan cabaran yang dihadapi oleh pelaksanaan kesederhanaan agama di Nigeria. Penemuan menunjukkan bahawa Indonesia adalah tulang belakang kesederhanaan agama di dunia, dan ia telah melaksanakan sepenuhnya konsep itu dalam dasar kerajaan, di mana kewujudan bersama secara aman dicapai sepenuhnya di negara ini. Oleh itu, kajian ini mengesyorkan bahawa sejauh Islam dan umat Islam berkembang, kebanyakan negara Islam, termasuk Nigeria, harus mengikut jejak langkah negara Indonesia.amiyyat Kata kunci: Indonesia; kesederhanaan; negara Islam; Nigeria; beragama
Smart Contract Technology Potential in Mitigating Defects of Islamic Banks’ Tawarruq Operations
Smart contracts are computer codes that represent contract terms and are designed to run on a blockchain platform, automatically enforced upon receiving predetermined inputs. This technological innovation, a key component of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, provides an advanced and innovative approach to executing contract terms. Incorporating this technology into Shariah-compliant contracts within Islamic Banks (IBs) holds the potential to reduce Shariah non-compliance risk (SNC) and enhance operational transparency, ensuring compatibility with contemporary technological applications. In particular, blockchain-based smart contracts have the potential to be integrated into the operations of IBs’ products that are based on tawarruq contracts. This study aims to investigate the potential application of blockchain-based smart contract technology in tawarruq contract operations within IBs and to suggest directions for future research. This study adopted a qualitative approach, drawing on relevant literature. The findings indicated that blockchain-based smart contracts can address Shariah Non-Compliance (SNC) issues in IB’s tawarruq operations while enhancing transaction transparency. This paper discussed the Shariah and operational challenges associated with blockchain technology and posits that blockchain-based smart contracts can improve the practices of tawarruq contracts within Islamic Banks. This paper offers insights for IB entities and regulatory authorities to evaluate the potential and impact of blockchain-based smart contracts within their operations and the broader financial system. Keywords: Blockchain; Industrial Revolution 4.0; Islamic financial institutions; smart contract; tawarruq ABSTRAK Kontrak pintar ialah kod komputer yang mewakili terma kontrak, direka untuk dilaksanakan melalui platform blok rantai dan dikuatkuasakan secara automatik apabila menerima input yang telah ditetapkan. Inovasi teknologi ini, sebagai salah satu komponen utama Revolusi Perindustrian Keempat, menawarkan pendekatan yang maju dan inovatif dalam pelaksanaan terma kontrak. Penggabungan teknologi ini ke dalam operasi kontrak Syariah Bank Islam (BI) berpotensi mengurangkan isu ketidakpatuhan Syariah (SNC) dan meningkatkan ketelusan operasi dan memastikan keserasian institusi tersebut dengan aplikasi teknologi kontemporari. Khususnya, kontrak pintar berasaskan rantaian blok mempunyai potensi untuk diintegrasikan ke dalam operasi produk BI yang berasaskan kontrak tawarruq. Kajian ini mempunyai dua tujuan. Pertama, meneroka potensi teknologi kontrak pintar berasaskan blok rantai dalam operasi kontrak tawarruq di BI. Kedua, mencadangkan hala tuju bagi penyelidikan masa hadapan. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan merujuk kepada literatur yang berkaitan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa kontrak pintar berasaskan blok rantai boleh menangani isu Ketidakpatuhan Syariah (SNC) dalam operasi tawarruq BI serta meningkatkan ketelusan transaksi. Dengan menangani cabaran Syariah dan operasi yang dikaitkan dengan teknologi ini, kajian ini menyatakan bahawa kontrak pintar berasaskan blok rantai dapat menambah baik amalan kontrak tawarruq di BI. Kajian ini menyumbang pandangan bernilai kepada entiti BI dan pihak pengawalselia dalam menilai potensi serta kesan kontrak pintar berasaskan blok rantai dalam operasi institusi mereka dan sistem kewangan yang lebih luas. Kata kunci: Blockchain; institusi kewangan Islam; kontrak pintar; Revolusi Perindustrian 4.0; tawarruq
Teknologi Rahim Buatan Menurut Perspektif Islam
ABSTRAK Teknologi Rahim Buatan (Artificial Womb Technology) ialah peranti yang direka untuk meniru keadaan rahim bagi membolehkan perkembangan janin di luar badan ibu kandung berlaku. Antara tujuan teknologi ini diperkenalkan adalah untuk membolehkan wanita mendapat anak tanpa perlu mengandung, khususnya kepada wanita yang berisiko, lanjut usia, mandul, wanita tanpa rahim dan mempunyai masalah kesihatan. Ia juga dijangka mampu menyelamatkan nyawa bayi yang dilahirkan dalam keadaan pramatang sebelum cukup 37 minggu. Namun begitu, ia telah menimbulkan pelbagai isu etika khususnya melibatkan beberapa hak seperti hak autonomi kehamilan dan reproduktif yang khusus bagi wanita, hak janin, serta hak dan tanggungjawab ibu bapa. Dari sudut syarak pula, ia mungkin menimbulkan beberapa masalah yang mungkin menyebabkan para ulama tidak bersetuju dengan perkara ini seperti mengubah ciptaan Allah SWT yang telah menetapkan proses kejadian bayi melalui kehamilan di dalam rahim wanita, potensi manipulasi nyawa manusia walaupun pada peringkat embrio dan janin dan peranan ibu yang mengandungkan bayi tersebut khususnya proses penasaban anak kepada ibunya sendiri. Justeru, artikel ini akan membincangkan secara ringkas perbincangan tersebut dari perspektif Islam. Rujukan akan dibuat kepada pelbagai konsep dan prinsip yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan manusia, kehamilan, kelahiran dan keibuan seperti yang dinyatakan dalam al-Quran. Hasil kajian menunjukkan terdapat kemungkinan ia tidak diterima oleh ulama Islam kerana ia mungkin bertentangan dengan beberapa prinsip Islam berkenaan kehamilan, keibuan (motherhood), penasaban dan pertimbangan maqasid syariah. Kata kunci: Rahim buatan; maqasid syariah; pengubahan ciptaan Allah SWT; kehamilan ABSTRACT Artificial Womb Technology (AWT) is a device designed to simulate the conditions of the uterus, allowing for fetal development outside the mother’s womb. This technology will enable women to have children without experiencing pregnancy. It is particularly useful for those at risk, older individuals, those who are infertile, women without a womb, or those facing health issues. It is also anticipated that this may potentially save the lives of prematurely born infants before they reach the 37th week of gestation. Nevertheless, it has raised numerous ethical issues, particularly involving various rights such as the right to pregnancy and reproductive autonomy specific to women, fetal rights, as well as the rights and responsibilities of parents. From an Islamic perspective, it may give rise to several issues that could lead scholars to disagree with it, such as altering the creation of Allah SWT, who has determined the process of childbirth through pregnancy within a woman’s womb. There is also the potential manipulation of human life, even at the embryonic and fetal stages, and the role of the mother carrying the baby, especially in the process of bonding the child to her. Therefore, this article aims to discuss these considerations from an Islamic perspective, drawing references to various concepts and principles related to human life, pregnancy, childbirth, and motherhood as stated in the Quran and the Prophet’s hadith. The study’s findings suggest that contemporary Islamic scholars may not accept it, as it could potentially conflict with some Islamic principles related to pregnancy, motherhood, bonding, and the consideration of maqasid syariah. Keywords: Artificial womb; maqasid shariah; alteration of Allah’s creation; pregnancy
The Challenges of Enforcement for Syariah Criminal Offences Pertaining to Aqidah on Social Media
Nowadays, the dissemination of propaganda that undermines the Aqidah or beliefs of Muslims through social media in Malaysia is increasingly concerning. Although social media platforms offer extensive opportunities for communication and information sharing, they have also emerged as channels that distribute content that may undermine Islamic values and beliefs. Enforcement of Syariah criminal law is one mechanism to control the spread of such propaganda. However, implementing Syariah criminal law in today’s borderless technological era presents numerous challenges and hurdles. These challenges encompass issues related to jurisdiction, investigations, and the collection and presentation of evidence. As a result, many such offences remain unaddressed. This paper aims to identify Syariah criminal offences related to Aqidah in Malaysia. It also analyses the challenges in enforcing Syariah criminal law against aqidah-related offences committed on social media. The study used a qualitative method. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with several legal practitioners and from library research, legal documents, online newspapers, reported cases, and unreported cases. The data were then analysed using content and descriptive methods. The study identified the challenges of applying Syariah criminal law to aqidah-related offenses committed on social media, focusing on aspects such as jurisdiction, punishment, investigations, fatwa issuance, and evidence collection within the country. Consequently, this paper offers several recommendations for enhancing the enforcement of Syariah criminal law for aqidah offences on social media, to achieve more effective implementation that aligns with modern technological advancements. Keywords: Syariah Court; Syariah criminal; enforcement; aqidah offences; social media ABSTRAK Dewasa ini, penyebaran dakyah yang menggugat akidah atau kepercayaan umat Islam melalui media sosial di Malaysia semakin membimbangkan. Platform media sosial, walaupun menawarkan peluang yang luas untuk komunikasi dan perkongsian maklumat, juga telah menjadi saluran untuk penyebaran kandungan yang boleh mencabar dan melemahkan kepercayaan Islam. Penguatkuasaan undang-undang jenayah syariah merupakan salah satu mekanisme bagi mengawal penyebaran dakyah tersebut. Walau bagaimanapun, penguatkuasaan undang-undang jenayah syariah dalam era teknologi tanpa sempadan adalah sukar dan menghadapi pelbagai cabaran. Cabaran tersebut, antaranya, berkaitan dengan bidang kuasa, penyiasatan dan pembuktian. Kesannya, banyak kesalahan seperti ini tidak dapat diambil tindakan. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti kesalahan jenayah Syariah yang berkaitan dengan akidah di Malaysia. Kemudian, ia juga menganalisis cabaran dalam penguatkuasaan undang-undang jenayah Syariah ke atas kesalahan berkaitan akidah yang dilakukan di media sosial. Penulisan ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif. Data diperoleh dengan menggunakan temu bual separa berstruktur yang melibatkan beberapa pengamal undang-undang dan daripada dokumen kajian perpustakaan, undang-undang, akhbar dalam talian, kes yang dilaporkan dan tidak dilaporkan. Data tersebut kemudiannya dianalisis menggunakan kaedah analisis kandungan dan deskriptif. Penulisan ini mendapati terdapat cabaran yang wujud dari segi bidang kuasa, hukuman, penyiasatan, fatwa dan keterangan dalam menguatkuasakan kesalahan jenayah syariah terhadap jenayah berkaitan akidah yang berlaku dalam media sosial di negara ini. Justeru, penulisan ini mengemukakan beberapa cadangan berkaitan penguatkuasaan kesalahan jenayah syariah berkaitan akidah yang berlaku dalam media sosial bagi memastikan penguatkuasaan yang lebih berkesan selaras dengan kemajuan teknologi kontemporari. Kata kunci: Mahkamah Syariah; jenayah Syariah; penguatkuasaan; kesalahan akidah; media sosial
The Development of Ontology in Hadith Studies: A Bibliometric Analysis
Ontology adaptation has garnered considerable interest in various fields, including Islamic studies. Information system developers have made several attempts to apply ontology to Islamic knowledge, particularly to two sacred sources in Islam, the Qur’an and the hadith. Despite the extensive body of research, a lack of bibliometric studies remains, which hinders the establishment of a foundation for future research on the application of ontology in hadith studies. This bibliometric analysis study is conducted to assist academics who are new to ontology in utilizing hadith data-related studies by identifying key journals and authors for a comprehensive analysis of this area of research. For this purpose, this study used the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases to quantitatively identify ontology-related studies that use hadith data, employing several units of analysis, including the distribution of publications by year and country, citation counts, and the functionality of hadith and ontology. The finding shows that there is a growing interest in exploring the potential of ontologies in this field. It also highlights the concentration of research efforts in Southeast Asia and the Middle East, as well as the importance of international collaborations in this field of study. It implies the potential for further development of this topic in the future. Keywords: Hadith; ontology; knowledge modeling; bibliometric analysis; trend analysis ABSTRAK Adaptasi ontologi dalam bidang kajian yang pelbagai telah menjadi minat yang besar dalam kalangan pengkaji, termasuk dalam bidang kajian Islam. Beberapa percubaan telah dilakukan oleh pembangun sistem maklumat untuk mengaplikasikan ontologi kepada bidang kajian ilmu Islam, khususnya terhadap dua sumber suci dalam Islam, iaitu Al-Quran dan hadis. Walau bagaimanapun, hasil penelitian pengkaji, masih tiada kajian sedia ada yang menggunakan teknik analisis bibliometrik untuk menganalisis trend kajian-kajian sedia ada yang mengadaptasi ontologi di dalam bidang kajian hadis. Oleh itu, kajian analisis bibliometrik ini dijalankan untuk membantu pengkaji yang baru memulakan kajian terhadap adaptasi ontologi menggunakan data hadis untuk menentukan jurnal dan pengarang yang sesuai untuk dirujuk bagi mendapatkan gambaran menyeluruh mengenai fenomena ini. Untuk tujuan tersebut, kajian ini menggunakan pangkalan data Scopus dan Web of Science (WoS) untuk mengenal pasti secara kuantitatif kajian-kajian berkaitan ontologi yang telah menggunakan data hadis untuk dianalisis berdasarkan beberapa unit analisis, iaitu, taburan penerbitan mengikut tahun dan negara, bilangan sitasi yang diterima, dan fungsi yang dimainkan oleh hadis dan ontologi dalam setiap kajian tersebut. Hasil kajian mendapati terdapat peningkatan minat dikalangan pengkaji dalam meneroka potensi ontologi dalam bidang ini. Selain itu, hasil kajian juga mendapati terdapat usaha yang wajar ditonjolkan daripada penyelidikan di Asia Tenggara dan Timur Tengah serta beberapa bentuk kerjasama antarabangsa dalam bidang kajian ini. Ini menggambarkan potensi untuk mengembangkan lagi kajian seumpamanya pada masa akan datang. Kata kunci: Hadis; ontologi; permodelan pengetahuan; analisis bibliometrik; analisis trend
مشكلة الإرادة الإلهية وخلق الشر عند المعتزلة والأشعرية
الملخص فقد كانت مسألة الجبر والاختيار لها علاقة بمشكلة القضاء والقدر. وهي من المسائل التي كثر فيها النقاش والجدل في مختلف العصور لما لها من علاقة بين العبد وربه. ثم اشتد الجدل في العالم الإسلامي حتى تشكلت من ذلك فرق. ثم ظهرت في العصر الحديث تيارات فكرية تناقش من جديد هذه القضية تحت اسم الحرية الانسانية. فهذه الدراسة هي محاولة لإظهار رأي أهل السنة من الأشعرية والماتريدية في هذه القضية وهو رأي الذي تمسك به السواد الأعظم من الأمة الإسلامية. وقد استخدمت هذه الدراسة المنهج التحليلي والمنهج النقدي إلى جانب المنهج المقارن. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى أن رأي أهل السنة كانت منسجمة مع الكتاب والسنة وموافق مع استدلال العقل بخلاف رأي المعتزلة الذي لا يستقيم مع النص لأنهم ينظرون في القضية من جانبها الإنساني فقط. وهذه الدراسة مهم لفهم التيارات الفكرية الحديثة في تناولهم لحرية الإنسانية الكلمات الرئيسية: الجبر؛ الاختيار؛ الأشعرية؛ أهل السنة؛ المعتزلة ABSTRACT The issue of predestination and free will is closely tied to the problem of divine decree and destiny. It is one of the issues that has been widely debated and discussed throughout different eras due to its connection to the relationship between the servant and his Lord. The discussion within the Islamic community grew more fervent, resulting in the emergence of various sects. In the modern era, intellectual currents emerged to discuss this issue anew under the name of human freedom. This study presents the Ahl al-Sunnah perspective from the Ash’ari and Maturidi schools, a view held by most of the Islamic ummah. This study employed a narrative-analytical method, a critical method, and a comparative method. The study concluded that the view of Ahl al-Sunnah was consistent with the Quran and Sunnah and in agreement with rational inference, unlike the view of the Mu’tazilites, which does not align with the texts because they examine the issue only from its human aspect. This research is crucial for comprehending contemporary intellectual movements in their treatment of human liberty. Keywords: Predestination; Free will; Ashcarism; Ahl al-Sunnah; Muctazilism.
The Role, Independence and Effectiveness of the Shari’ah Board in Islamic Banks of Bangladesh
The most important characteristic of Islamic banking is to maintain its products and services in accordance with the principles of Shari’ah. Several studies have identified that adherence to Shari’ah principles is the primary factor influencing the selection of Islamic banking. To maintain, oversee, and review the Shari’ah compliance of banking activities, every Islamic bank is required to have a Shari’ah Board with adequate functional authority. The Shari’ah Board is essential for ensuring the governance and credibility of an Islamic bank. Although the Board is expected to perform a significant authoritative governance function, several studies have found that the governance function, independence, and role of the Shari’ah Board may not be satisfactory or effective enough. In addition, a significant number of studies have identified the dilemmas facing Islamic banks regarding the Shari’ah Board’s independence, function, and role. There is also a scarcity of empirical evidence on the governance function of the Shari’ah Board. Moreover, the need for a well-defined standard in this regard has been perceived. Some Islamic banking regulatory institutions, particularly the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Services (AAOIFI) and the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB), have established standards and guidelines regarding the governance function, independence, and role of the Shari’ah Board. In light of these circumstances, this paper aims to examine the governance function of the Shari’ah Board of Islamic banks in Bangladesh and assess its independence and effectiveness in comparison to the standards established by the AAOIFI and IFSB. As a model, this empirical study selects Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL), the country’s first and largest Islamic bank. This study employed quantitative research methodology. Primary data have been collected through a questionnaire survey from members of the Shari’ah Board of IBBL. The standards and guidelines issued by AAOIFI and IFSB have been used as benchmarks in formulating the questions. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Shari’ah governance mechanism of Islamic banks in the country and provided policy recommendations for its development, contributing to the sustainability and credibility of the industry. Keywords: Islamic Banking; Shari’ah Board; AAOIFI; Bangladesh; IBBL
The Usage of Interpretation Methodology of Ambiguous Verses in the Ancestors’s Exegesis
The interpretation of these ambiguous verses has been a longstanding issue that commenced during the time of the Prophet’s companions, continued through the successors and the three generations, and persists into the contemporary century. A variety of deviant factions emerged, causing confusion and error within the Muslim community, particularly regarding the proofs for the nature of ambiguous passages found in the Qur’an and hadith. Early scholars were noted for not interpreting ambiguous sources, indicating that tafsir exegetes, such as Imam Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, who lived during that period, refrained from such interpretations. Likewise, Imam Ibn Kathir adopted the method of his ancestor. To determine the extent of accountability for the allegations regarding the matter, a thorough review of their tafsir books should be conducted to provide an answer. Therefore, this journal article will analyse the book of Tafsir al-Thabari, titled Jami’ al-Bayan an Ta’wil fi al-Quran, and the book of Tafsir Ibn Kathir, titled Tafsir Al-Quran Al-’Azim, focusing on ambiguous verses and whether they require interpretation or vice versa. A qualitative study was conducted to examine this phenomenon. The study observed that scholars from earlier generations, including Imam Tabari, and those who follow traditional methodologies, like Imam Ibn Kathir, often use affirmation and relegation methods. Some of these scholars also employ succinct interpretation techniques. Therefore, the claim that states the ancestor scholars do not interpret ambiguous verses needs to be thoroughly researched to ensure its accuracy. Keywords: Ancestor; interpretation; ambiguous; Tafsir al-Tabari; Tafsir Ibn Kathir ABSTRAK Persoalan mengenai takwilan ayat-ayat bersifat mutasyabihat ini merupakan isu lama yang bermula pada zaman para sahabat, tabiin, tabi’ tabiin dan ia berlarutan sehingga ke abad kontemporari ini. Muncul pelbagai firqah yang menyeleweng sehingga menimbulkan kekeliruan dan kesesatan dalam kalangan masyarakat Islam, khususmya berkaitan ayat-ayat bersifat mutasyabihat yang terdapat di dalam al-Quran dan hadis. Ulama salaf dikatakan tidak mentakwil ayat-ayat mutasyabihat, ini menunjukkan ulama tafsir seperti Imam Ibn Jarir Thabari yang hidup pada zaman tersebut tidak melakukan takwilan terhadap ayat-ayat mutasyabihat. Sejauh manakah dakwaan mengenai perkara itu boleh dipertanggungjawabkan, maka semakan terhadap kitab tafsir beliau perlu dilakukan bagi menjawab persoalan tersebut. Justeru itu, artikel jurnal ini akan melakukan analisis terhadap kitab tafsir Thabari, yang bertajuk Jami’ al-Bayan an Ta’wil fi al-Quran menumpukan kepada ayat-ayat mutasyabihat samaada beliau melakukan takwilan atau sebaliknya. Kajian kualitatif dilakukan bagi melakukan kajian ini, hasil daripada kajian ini mendapati bahawa ulama salaf seperti Imam Thabari cenderung melakukan metod secara ithbad wa tafwid dan ada sebahagiannya beliau melakukan metod takwil secara ijmali. Jadi dakwaan yang menyatakan bahawa ulama salaf tidak melakukan takwil kepada ayat-ayat mutasyabihat perlu diteliti dengan menyeluruh untuk memastikan bahawa ia betul atau sebaliknya. Kata kunci: Salaf; takwil; mutasyabihat; Tafsir al-Thabari; Tafsir Ibn Kathir
The Use of Novel in Learning and Teaching Arabic Language to Non-Native Speakers: Problems and Strategies
Arabic novels are one of the resources that can be utilised in the process of teaching and learning the Arabic language. However, they are rarely featured as teaching aids to improve the proficiency of non-native students, except those who choose to specialise in the study of Arabic literature. Hence, this article presents a study on the challenges faced by non-Arab students in using novels to learn Arabic. The study also identified the strategies employed by students when using novels in learning Arabic. This is a qualitative study involving interviews with ten (10) students who were studying Arabic Prose Texts at the International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM). The data were subjected to thematic analysis, and the study’s findings indicated that the integration of Arabic novels was hindered by several factors: insufficient motivation, limited interest, lack of exposure to Arabic literature, and the advanced level of language employed in the novels. However, the implementation of various strategies successfully heightened students’ awareness of the significance and benefits of Arabic novels in learning the Arabic language. Some students utilised dictionaries, read bilingual novels (English-Arabic), participated in group discussions, and sought guidance from teachers and Arabic-speaking peers. The article subsequently suggested various methodologies to improve the incorporation of novels in the Arabic language. A variety of strategies can be employed to integrate literature and linguistics, thereby making the learning of Arabic more student-focused and effective through an innovative pedagogical approach. Keywords: Arabic language learning; novels; literature; learners’ problems; learners’ strategies ABSTRAK Novel Arab merupakan antara sumber yang boleh dimanfaatkan dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran (PdP) Bahasa Arab. Namun, novel jarang diketengahkan sebagai bahan pengajaran untuk meningkatkan kecekapan pelajar bukan penutur asli kecuali yang memilih pengkhususan kesusasteraan Arab. Justeru, artikel ini membentangkan kajian tentang masalah yang dihadapi oleh pelajar bukan Arab dalam penggunaan novel untuk pembelajaran Bahasa Arab. Kajian ini turut mengenal pasti strategi yang digunakan oleh para pelajar semasa menggunakan novel dalam proses pembelajaran Bahasa Arab. Kajian kualitatif ini melibatkan temubual ke atas sepuluh (10) orang pelajar yang sedang mengikuti kursus Teks Prosa Arab di Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia (UIAM). Data yang diperoleh telah dianalisis secara tematik dan hasil kajian mendapati bahawa penggunaan novel Arab tidak menggalakkan disebabkan oleh kekurangan dari sudut motivasi, minat dan pendedahan terhadap novel Arab dalam kalangan pelajar serta ditambah pula dengan ketinggian tahap bahasa dalam novel yang membataskan keupayaan pelajar. Bagaimanapun, kepelbagaian strategi yang diamalkan berjaya merangsang kesedaran pelajar tentang kepentingan dan kelebihan novel Arab dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Arab. Antara strategi yang digunakan adalah dengan merujuk kamus, membaca novel dwibahasa (Inggeris – Arab), melaksanakan perbincangan berkumpulan dan merujuk kepada guru dan pelajar berbangsa Arab. Artikel ini mencadangkan beberapa pendekatan bagi meningkatkan penggunaan novel dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Arab. Beberapa cadangan boleh dilaksanakan untuk mengintegrasikan kesusasteraan dengan linguistik bagi memastikan pembelajaran Bahasa Arab terarah kepada berpusatkan pelajar dan berkesan melalui pendekatan baru. Kata kunci: Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab; novel; kesusasteraan; masalah pelajar; strategi pelajar
Volunteers Engaging in Informal Educational Services for Disabled Communities in Malaysia: An Analysis of Personality and Communication Characteristics
Support for Persons with Disabilities (PWD) encompasses not only physical assistance but also educational services in informal settings. Although there are various volunteer organisations globally, there is limited dedicated outreach for people with disabilities (PWD) in Malaysia, resulting in reduced awareness and understanding of Islam within this community. Specialised methods are essential for effectively delivering Islamic education by individuals or volunteer organisations. The personality and communication traits of volunteers are crucial in providing informal educational services to communities with disabilities. Recognising the need for substantial manpower and specific skills, this study underscores the importance of youth volunteers in addressing PWD needs. This research aims to explore youth volunteer engagement in informal education for disabled communities by analysing the personality and communication characteristics of volunteers through a fuzzy Delphi approach. Using a design method and a developmental research (DDR) approach, the study examined the second phase of the Fuzzy Delphi methodology. Thirteen experts participated in this study to evaluate and rank the key elements necessary for creating a model focused on volunteer outreach efforts for persons with disabilities (PWD). The expert panel identified 30 elements of personality and six elements of communication that achieved 70% or higher agreement, indicating their suitability for inclusion in the model. These findings provide a valuable reference for developing training modules for volunteer services, particularly those targeting people with disabilities (PWD). By enhancing volunteer training, this research promotes a more inclusive Islamic education and support for communities with disabilities, thereby influencing similar global initiatives. Keywords: Communication; disable community; informal education; personality; volunteerism ABSTRAK Sokongan untuk komuniti Orang Kurang Upaya (OKU) tidak memadai dengan penyediaan bantuan fizikal sahaja, bahkan turut merangkumi perkhidmatan pendidikan termasuk pendidikan bukan formal. Walaupun pelbagai organisasi sukarelawan wujud, namun terdapat kelompongan dalam kalangan mereka yang terlibat dengan organisasi sukarelawan dakwah OKU di Malaysia, menyebabkan pengetahuan dan penghayatan terhadap Islam dalam kalangan komuniti OKU terhad. Kaedah penyampaian dakwah yang khusus terhadap komuniti OKU adalah penting untuk menyampaikan pendidikan Islam dengan berkesan. Personaliti dan komunikasi adalah penting bagi sukarelawan yang terlibat dalam perkhidmatan pendidikan bukan formal untuk komuniti OKU. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneroka penglibatan sukarelawan belia dalam pendidikan bukan formal untuk komuniti OKU dengan menganalisis ciri personaliti dan komunikasi sukarelawan yang terlibat. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan reka bentuk dan pembangunan yang mempunyai tiga fasa. Namun, dalam kajian ini, penyelidik menumpukan kepada fasa kedua iaiatu analisis Fuzzy Delphi sahaja. Seramai tiga belas pakar terlibat dalam kajian ini untuk menilai elemen-elemen yang telah dikenal pasti. Dapatan kajian mendapati sebanyak 30 elemen personaliti dan enam elemen komunikasi melebihi 70%, yang menunjukkan kesesuaian. Penemuan ini menyediakan rujukan yang bernilai untuk pembangunan modul latihan untuk perkhidmatan sukarelawan, terutamanya bagi komuniti OKU. Dengan meningkatkan keberkesanan sukarelawan melalui latihan yang disasarkan, penyelidikan ini menyumbang kepada pendekatan yang lebih inklusif untuk pendidikan Islam dan sokongan kepada komuniti kurang upaya, dengan implikasi untuk inisiatif serupa di seluruh dunia. Kata kunci: Komunikasi; komuniti OKU; pendidikan bukan formal; personaliti dan kesukarelawan