PENDEKATAN ISLAM DALAM MENANGANI PERCANGGAHAN MANFAAT DAN RISIKO BIOTEKNOLOGI MODEN TUMBUHAN (Islamic Approach In Addressing Conflicts Of Benefits And Risks Of Modern Plant Biotechnology)
Abstract
Pembangunan bioteknologi moden tumbuhan menerusi teknik kejuruteraan genetik merupakan salah satu kaedah bagi menambah baik mutu tumbuhan dari segi kualiti dan kuantiti. Namun, perdebatan tentang manfaat dan risikonya menimbulkan persoalan, adakah agama Islam membenarkan aplikasi bioteknologi moden ini dilakukan. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mencari jalan penyelesaian terhadap percanggahan manfaat dan mudarat yang diperdebatkan dalam bioteknologi moden tumbuhan menurut pendekatan Islam. Segala percanggahan dalam manfaat dan risiko bioteknologi moden tumbuhan boleh ditangani menerusi kaedah pentarjihan. Kaedah pentarjihan ini merumuskan bahawa jika sesuatu produk bioteknologi moden tumbuhan itu memberi manfaat yang besar kepada manusia sejagat tanpa sebarang risiko kepada lima objektif utama syariah, maka penggunaan produk tersebut adalah dibenarkan. Sebalik nya, jika sesuatu produk biotek nologi moden tumbuhan terbukti mendatangkan mudarat kepada lima objektif syariah tadi, maka penggunaan produk tersebut adalah dilarang. Jika produk tersebut bermanfaat tetapi menimbulkan risiko yang tidak pasti, maka kebenaran untuk menggunakan produk tersebut mestilah ditangguhkan terlebih dahulu sehingga manfaat atau risiko yang dominan dan pasti dapat dibuktikan. Kertas ini membuktikan bahawa Islam telah menyediakan panduan yang sesuai dan lengkap tentang tatacara membuat keputusan berkaitan isu-isu kontemporari
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Al-Quran. 2001. Tafsir pimpinan al-Rahman. Kuala Lumpur: Dar ul Fikir.
Altieri, M. A. 2000. The ecological impacts of transgenic crops on agroecosystem health. Ecosystem Health 6: 13-23.
Barnum, S. R. 2005. Biotechnolog y: An Introduction. Belmont, CA: Thomson- Brooks/Cole.
Batalion, N. 2000. 50 Har mful effects of genetically modif ied foods. http://www.cqs.com /50har m.htm. [13 August 2008].
Bud, R. 1993. The uses of Life: A Histor y of Biotechnolog y. Cambridge: University Press.
Car penter, J., Felsot, A., Goode,T., Hammig, M., Onstad, D. & Sankula, S. 2002. Comparative Environmental Impacts of Biotechnology-derived and Traditional Soybean, Cor n, and Cotton Crops. Ames, Iowa: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology.
Christou, P. & Twyman, R. M. 2004. The potential of genetically enhanced plants to address food insecurity. Nutrition Research Review 17: 23– 42.
Cummins, R. 2002. Hazards in genetically modif ied foods and crops: Why we need a global moratorium. Dlm. Sherlock, R. & Mor rey, J. D. (eds). Ethical Issues in Biotechnolog y. United State: Rowman & Lit tlef ield
Publishers Inc.
Ewen, S. & Pusztai, A. 1999. Effect of diets containing genetically modif ied potatoes expressing Galanthusnivalis Lectin on rat small intestine. The Lancet 354: 1353-1354.
FAO. 2010. FAO statement on biotechnology. http://www.fao.org/ biotech/stat. asp [31 Mac 2010].
FAO. 2003. Repor t of the exper t consultation on environmental effects of genetically modif ied crops Rome. http://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/f ield/006/ ad690e /ad690e00.pdf [15 September 2009].
al-Ghazali, Muhammad. 2002. al-Mustasfa min ‘Ilm al-usul. Beir ut: Dar al’Ihya’ al-Turath al-‘Arabi.
GMA News. 2001. GMA says Massachusetts mandatory labeling bill ‘unnecessary and redundant.’ http://www.gmabrands.com/ news/docs/newrel eaase.cfm. [16 Jun 2010].
Holder, B. 2006. Def ining genetically engineered organisms. In Genetically engineered organisms and the Environment. Repor t of the ENVS 4800 Critical Thinking 2006 Class.
Ibn ‘Abd al-Salam, Abu Muhammad ‘Izz al-Din ‘Abd al-‘Aziz bin ‘Abd al- Salam al-Sulami. 2000. al- Qawa‘ id al-Kubra, al-Mausu’ah bi Qawa‘id al-Ahkam f i Islah al-Anam. Juz 1. Damsyik: Dar Qalam.
Ibn Nujaym, Zayn al-Din bin Ibrahim bin Muhammad. 1968. al-Ashbah wa al-Naza’ ir ‘ala Madhhab Abi Hanifah al-Nu‘man. Qahirah: Mu’assasah al-Halabi wa Syarakah lil Nisr wa Tauzi’.
Islamic Fiqh Academy. 2000. Resolutions and recommendations of the council of Islamic Fiqh Academy 1985-2000. Jeddah: t.tpt.
JAKIM. 1999. Himpunan Minit Muzakarah K has Jawatankuasa Fatwa Majlis Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia.
James, C. 2008. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2008. ISAAA Briefs No. 39. Ithaca, NY: ISAAA.
al-Jawziyyah, Ibn Qayyim. 2001. al- Qawaid al-Fiqhiyyah al-Mustakhrajah min kitab I‘ lam al-Muwaqi‘ in. Qahirah: Dar Ibn al-Qayyim.
al-Jawziyyah, Ibn Qayyim. 2000. al-Ruh. Dimashq: Dar Ibn Kathir.
Kamus Dewan Edisi 4. 2005. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
al-Kasani, Abu Bak r ibn Mas‘ud. 1997. Bada‘ i al-Sana‘ i f i al-Tartib al-Shara‘ i. Beir ut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Kasule, O. H. 2010. Medical Ethics: Theories And Principles. http://i-epistemology. net/omar-hasan-kasule/25-medical-ethics--theories-and-principles.html [5 Julai 2010].
Losey, J. E., Rayor, L. S. & Car ter, M. E. 1999. Transgenic pollen har ms monarch lar vae. Nature 399: 214-231.
Mahmood Zuhdi. 2010. Manfaat dan mudarat bioteknologi moden. ISTAC. Temu bual, 1 April.
Muhammad Awais, A rsh id Per vez , Asi m Yaqub, R i z wa na Sa r wa r, Fia z Alam & Sami Siraj. 2010. Cur rent stat us of biotechnology in health. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences
(2): 210-220.
Muhammad Safiri Ismail. 2008. Makanan ubahsuai genetik (GM food): satu analisis hukum. Tesis Sarjana. Jabatan Fiqh dan Usul. Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya.
Muslim, Muslim Ibn al-Hajjaj Ibn Muslim al-Qusyairiy. 2000. Sahih Muslim. Al-Riyad: Dar al-Salam.
Nordlee, J. A., Taylor, S. L., Townsend, J. A., Thomas, L. A. & Bush, R. K. 1996. Identif ication of a Brazil nut allergen in transgenic sotbeans. The New England Journal of Medicine 334: 688-692.
Plaut, M. 2002. Zambia Furious Over GM Food. BBC. http:// www.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/2412603.stm. [12 August 2009].
Polkinghorne, J. C. 2000. Ethical issues in biotechnology. Trends in Biotechnology 18(1): 8-10.
al-Qardawi, Yusuf. 2006. How Does Islam View Genetic Engineering? http:// w w w.islamon li ne.net /ser vlet /Satellite?pagename =IslamO n li ne -English- Ask _ Sch olar / Fat waE/ Fat waE&cid=1119503544298#ixzz0jrB42Y3P [1 April 2010].
Ridzwan Ahmad. 2008a. Metode pentarjihan maslahah dan mafsadah dalam hukum Islam semasa. Shariah Journal 16 (1): 107-143.
Ridzwan Ahmad. 2008b. Pentarjihan dan hukum Islam. Universiti Malaya. Temu bual, 5 Mac.
Sanvido, O., Stark, M., Romeis, J. & Bigler, F. 2006. Ecological impacts of genetically modif ied crops: Experiences from ten years of experimental f ield research and commercial cultivation. http://www.agbios.com/docroot/ ar ticles/06-346-001.pdf [5 April 2010].
Seralini G.E, Cellier D, de Vendomois J. S. 2007. New analysis of a rat feeding study with genetically modif ied maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity. Arch Environment Contam Toxicol 52: 596-602.
al-Shirazi, Ibrahim bin ‘Ali al-Faiy uz Abadi. 1995. al-Muhadhdhab f i Fiqh al-Imam al-Shaf ‘ i. Juz 1, 2. Beir ut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Solihu, A. K. H. & Ambali, A. R. 2009. Dissolving the engineering moral dilem mas within the Islamic ethico-legal praxes. Science Eng Ethics
-5.
al-Suyutiyy, Jalal al-Din ‘Abd Rahman. 1938. al-Ashbah wa al-Naza’ ir fi Qawa‘ id wa Furu‘ Fiqh al-Shaf iyyah. Beir ut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah.
Uzogara, S. G. 2000. The impact of genetic modif ication of human foods in the 21st centur y: a review. Biotechnolog y Advances 18(3): 179-206.
Vento, A. B & Gillum D. R. 2002. Fact sheet describing recombinant dna and elements utilizing recombinant dna such as plasmids and viral vectors, and the application of recombinant dna techniques in molecular biology. http://www. unh.edu/ehs/pdf/Recombinant-DNA.pdf [1 April 2010].
Walters, R. 2006. Crime, bio-agriculture and the exploitation of hunger. Britain Journal Criminolog y 46: 26- 45.
WHO. 2005. Moder n food biotechnology, human health and development an evidence based study. Food Safety Department, World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
WHO. 2009. 20 questions on genetically modif ied (GM) foods. http://www.who. int/foodsafety/publications/ biotech/20questions/en/ [31Disember 2009].
Wieczorek, A. 2003. Use of biotechnology in agriculture: benef its and risks. http://www.cast-science.org/websiteUploads/publicationPDFs/ biotc_ip.pdf [31 Mac 2010].
Yuan, D., Ludovic, B., Maite, S., Br una, M., Svetlana, D., Gemma, F., et al. 2011. The potential impact of plant biotechnology on the millennium development goals. Plant Cell Rep 30: 249–265.
al-Zarqa‘, Mustafa Ahmad bin Muhammad. 1998. Al-Madkhal al-Fiqh al-‘Am. Dimashq: Dar al-Qalam.
Zaydan, ‘Abd al-Karim. 1998. al-Madkhal li-Dirasat al-Shari‘ah al-Islamiyah.
Beir ut: Mu’assasah al-Risalah.
Zaydan, Abd al-Karim. 2000. al-Mufassal f i Ahkam al-Mar’ah wa Bayt Muslim f i al-Shariah al-Islamiyyah. Beir ut: Mu’assasah al-Risalah.
Zhu, C. Naqvi, S., Gomez-Galera, S., Pelacho, A. M., Capell, T. & Christou, P. 2007. Transgenic strategies for the nutritional enhancement of plants. Trends in Plant Science 12 (12): 548-555.
Zirwaq, Nusayr. 2009. Maqasid al-Shari‘ah al-Islamiyah f i al-Fikr al-Imam Sayyid Qutb. al-Qahirah: Dar al-Salam.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JH-2011-0302-01
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
ISSN: 1985-6830
eISSN: 2550-2271
JURNAL HADHARI: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
Institut Islam Hadhari
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 UKM Bangi
Selangor, MALAYSIA.
Phone: +603-8921 7187/7176/6994
Fax: +603-8921 6990
Email: jhadhari@ukm.edu.my
Web: ejournals.ukm.my/jhadhari