Exploring the Commercial Availability and Marketing Claims of Cognitive-Enhancing Dietary Supplements: A Comparative Analysis of Offline and Online Retail Platforms

Abstract

Public interest in cognitive enhancement has driven the widespread availability of dietary supplements claiming to support brain health and memory. This comparative cross-sectional study explores the commercial availabilityand marketing claims of cognitive-enhancing dietary supplements across offline and online retail platforms. A dual-component design was employed in a comparative cross-sectional study. The first component involved assessing the commercial availability and marketing claims of cognitive-enhancing dietary supplements sold through offline retail outlets in Kuala Lumpur using a purposive sampling approach. The second component consisted of a parallel assessment conducted on online platforms, employing a convenience sampling strategy. A  total of 13 products were identified on offline retail platforms in Kuala Lumpur, and 117 products were identified on online platforms. Capsules were the most common dosage form, both offline (46.2%) and online (79.5%). Products sold offline most frequently originated from Singapore (69.2%), whereas online products predominantly came from the United States of America (74.4%). The median prices of offline products were RM 190 (55.5), and online products were RM 196 (183), which are comparable, although the online products exhibited a wider price range (RM14–RM1,147). The most frequent claims were “brain health” for offline products and “memory” for online products. Natural or compound extracts were the most common active ingredients. This study’s findings found significant differences between offline and online dietary supplements in terms of availability, country of origin, price and marketing claims. These inconsistent findings underscore the need for stronger regulation and improved transparency in labelling to safeguard consumer health and ensure product credibility. Future research should focus on dosage accuracy, long-term safety, and mechanisms of action for supplements with cognitiveenhancingclaims.