Penyertaan Sosial dan Indeks Kesejahteraan Sosial Subjektif Kanak-Kanak Miskin di Malaysia (Social Participation and Subjective Social Well-Being Index of Poor Children in Malaysia)
Abstract
Setiap kanak-kanak berhak memenuhi keperluan asasi masing-masing. Salah satu daripada keperluan asasi mereka adalah menyertai aktiviti sosial yang berlangsung dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Penyertaan sosial merupakan salah satu daripada domain kesejahteraan subjektif. Keperluan kepada penyertaan sosial yang dipenuhi menyumbang kepada kesejahteraan hidup kanak-kanak sekaligus mendorong kanak-kanak untuk memberi sumbangan aktif dalam komuniti. Artikel 31, Konvensyen Hak Kanak-kanak (CRC) menyatakan dengan jelas mengenai hak kanak-kanak terhadap penyertaan sosial. Artikel ini memperihalkan status penyertaan sosial kanak-kanak miskin di Malaysia. Data empirikal diambil daripada Survei Indikator Kanak-kanak 2013-2015 yang melibatkan 200 kanak-kanak Malaysia berusia 9 hingga 17 tahun. Sampel tersebut mewakili 100 keluarga miskin dari bandar dan 100 keluarga miskin dari luar bandar. Dalam kajian ini, penyertaan sosial dinilai berdasarkan sejauh mana responden berpeluang untuk membangun dan mengembangkan potensi diri mereka seoptimum mungkin. Penyertaan sosial diukur dengan menggunakan 34 item yang terbahagi kepada lima komponen iaitu penyertaan secara sendirian, bersama rakan, di sekolah, bersama keluarga dan di dalam komuniti. Dari aspek penyertaan sosial, hasil kajian menunjukkan tahap kesejahteraan subjektif kanak-kanak miskin di Malaysia masih berada pada tahap sederhana. Dapatan ini merupakan satu input penting dalam sebarang usaha untuk mengubahsuai Dasar Kanak-kanak Negara. Ia juga penting untuk merancang program intervensi sosial yang berkesan, yang dapat meningkatkan lagi kesejahteraan subjektif kanak-kanak.
Kata kunci: Kesejahteraan subjektif; penyertaan sosial; ekologi sosial; kanak-kanak miskin; Malaysia
Every child is entitled to fulfil his/her basic needs. One of the needs is to participate in social activities. Social participation or engagement is one of the subjective domains of child wellbeing. The fulfil needs’ of the social participation contribute to well-being of the children thus lead them to give active contribution to the society. Article 31, Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) provides a well-defined explanation of child rights to social participation. This article discusses the status of social participation among poor children in Malaysia. The empirical data was based on the Child Indicators Survey, 2013-2015 that involved 200 children, age 9 to 17 years old. The sample represents 100 urban families and 100 rural area families. In the study, social participation is judged based on how the respondents have the opportunity to develop and expand their potential optimumly. Social participation is measured using 34 items which is divided into five component; individually, with peers, at school, with family and in the community. In the aspect of social participation, the findings indicate that Malaysian children experience an average level of subjective wellbeing. The result is a valuable input to social initiatives meant for the social policy reform, in particular, the National Child Protection Policy. It is also of great importance for planning effective social intervention programmes to enhance the quality of lives among our children.
Keywords: Subjective well-being; social participation; social ecology; poor children; Malaysia
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