Faktor-faktor Sosial yang Mempengaruhi Jangkitan HIV dalam Kalangan Lelaki Berketurunan India HIV Positif di Malaysia (Social Factors Influencing the HIV Infections among Positive Indian Men in Malaysia)
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) adalah hasil daripada cabaran perilaku sosial dan biologi yang dikaitkan dengan pelbagai faktor sejarah, budaya, ekonomi, politik, kelas sosial, dan penyingkiran sosial antara jantina minoriti di dunia. Ke arah mencapai pemahaman ini, kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneroka faktor-faktor sosiologi yang mempengaruhi risiko jangkitan HIV dalam kalangan lelaki berketurunan India di Semenanjung Malaysia. Kajian kualitatif ini berasaskan maklumat yang diperolehi daripada hasil temu bual mendalam ke atas 14 responden lelaki yang juga dijangkiti penyakit HIV. Faktor-faktor sosial dan ekonomi merupakan punca utama yang mempengaruhi responden terlibat dalam tingkah laku risiko tinggi. Responden yang berumur lewat 30-an menyatakan migrasi dalaman dan pengaruh persekitaran, diikuti kemiskinan dan pengangguran antara faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkah laku berisiko tinggi. Manakala, beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi risiko jangkitan HIV bagi golongan muda termasuk penyalahgunaan alkohol, pendedahan kepada siber seks, pelancongan seks, hubungan seks rambang, persekitaran asrama kerja di luar negara dan pemerkosaan atau penderaan seksual. Walaubagaimanapun, kurang pengetahuan dan kesedaran terhadap mod jangkitan HIV merupakan salah satu indikator utama dalam mengenal pasti punca risiko jangkitan dalam kalangan kohort kajian.Hasil kajian ini dapat digunakan bagi merancang program intervensi bagi menangani risiko jangkitan HIV dalam kalangan lelaki Malaysia berketurunan India secara khususnya, dan golongan lelaki secara amnya di Malaysia.
Kata kunci: AIDS; faktor jangkitan HIV; faktor kebudayaan; maskuliniti, masyarakat India
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is rooted in socio-cultural and biological challenges which are associated with various historical, cultural, economic, political, social class, and social exclusion factors among minority group. With this understanding of HIV risk, our study aims to explore the sociological factors that influence the causes of the risk of HIV infection among men of Indian descent in West Malaysia. This qualitative study is based on information gathered from in-depth interviews among 14 male respondents who are living with HIV. The study found that, social and economic factors are the main causes for respondents’ engagement in high risk behaviour. Respondents in their late 30s indicated that internal migration and their social surroundings, followed by poverty and unemployment are among the factors that influenced risk behaviour. Meanwhile, young adults described that excessive alcohol use and cyber-sex involvement led them to risky sexual behaviour; further, cross-border activities such as sex tourism, multi-faceted relationship in foreign workplace, dormitory environment and male-on-male rape were among the predictors of HIV infection. However, lack of knowledge and awareness on how HIV is transmitted appears as a major predictor for risk and infection among the cohort. The results of this study can be applied in designing more effective intervention programs aimed to address the risk of HIV / AIDS infection among Malaysian Indian males in particular, and Malaysia men in general.
Keywords: AIDS, HIV infection factors; cultural factors; masculinity, Indians in Malaysia
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