Reviving the Sultanate of Sulu Through its Claim over Sabah, 1962-1986 (Menghidupkan Semula Institusi Kesultanan Sulu Melalui Tuntutan ke atas Sabah, 1962-1986)
Abstract
The aftermath of colonialism marked the end of a long-standing and glorious Sultanate of Sulu when it finally lost its power and supremacy under the newly-independent Philippines government. Even after the Philippines finally achieved its independence in 1946, the Sultanate of Sulu again failed to revive its old “kerajaan” as it had been abolished by the Philippines government in 1937. As the sultans and his followers had the historical experience regarding the idea of “kesultanan” and other socio-political concepts, the newly-introduced concept namely the nation-state whereby the idea of the boundary and a new nation was created making the traditional sultanate in desperation to sustain their sovereignty and power. The desperation to re-establish and revive their old glorious “kerajaan” eventually turned into a struggle and rigorous attempts to claim Sabah. Hence, this article aims to illustrate the survival of the Sultanate of Sulu after the death of the last sultan in 1936 and the efforts taken to preserve the sultanate within the modern nation-state system. The method of research used in this study involved library and archival research to obtain primary and secondary sources. Among the primary sources consulted in the study include British records, agreements, correspondence, newspapers, government gazettes, memoranda, speeches, and government official publications. Thus, this article lucidly concludes that various trends and approaches taken by the Sultan of Sulu and his heirs to claim Sabah were a part of their mission to sustain and revive the Sultanate of Sulu.
Keywords: Sultanate of Sulu; Philippines government; Sabah and nation-state; sovereignty.
Abstrak
Impak kolonialisme telah menyebabkan sebuah kerajaan yang begitu lama bertahan dan gemilang iaitu Kesultanan Sulu akhirnya kehilangan kuasa dan ketuanan di bawah pemerintahan baru yang merdeka iaitu Republik Filipina. Walaupun selepas Filipina mencapai kemerdekaannya pada tahun 1946, Kesultanan Sulu masih gagal untuk menghidupkan semula kerajaannya apabila institusi Kesultanan Sulu dihapuskan oleh Filipina pada tahun 1937. Oleh kerana Sultan Sulu dan pengikutnya itu telah merasai pengalaman memiliki "kesultanan" sendiri serta konsep-konsep sosiopolitik lain, konsep negara bangsa yang baru diperkenalkan yang mengandungi konsep sempadan tertentu dan pembinaan bangsa baru telah menyebabkan Kesultanan Sulu berada dalam keadaan tertekan untuk mempertahankan kedaulatan dan kuasanya. Terdesak untuk memulihkan semula kegemilangan kerajaan lamanya, Sultan Sulu dan pengikutnya akhirnya mula menumpukan kepada perjuangan untuk menuntut Borneo Utara (Sabah). Oleh itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan kewujudan Kesultanan Sulu selepas kematian Sultan Sulu yang terakhir pada tahun 1936 dan usaha-usaha yang dilakukan bagi mengekalkan kesultanan dalam sistem negara bangsa moden. Kaedah penyelidikan berbentuk kepustakaan telah dilaksanakan bagi mendapatkan data-data daripada sumber primer dan sekunder. Antara sumber primer yang dirujuk dalam kajian ini termasuklah rekod-rekod British, dokumen perjanjian, surat-menyurat, keratan akhbar, warta kerajaan, memorandum, teks ucapan serta terbitan rasmi kerajaan. Kesimpulannya, pelbagai trend dan pendekatan yang diambil oleh Sultan Sulu dan waris-warisnya untuk menuntut Sabah adalah sebahagian daripada misi mereka untuk mempertahankan dan menghidupkan kembali institusi Kesultanan Sulu.
Kata kunci: Kesultanan Sulu; kerajaan Filipina; Sabah dan negara bangsa; kedaulatan.
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