Kos Perbelanjaan Perumahan dalam Kalangan Penduduk Kawasan Perumahan Kos Rendah dan Sederhana di Pulau Pinang (Housing Consumption Cost among the Residents in Low and Middle Cost Housing Areas in Penang)

Nooriah Yusof, Zakiyah Jamaluddin

Abstract


Kos perbelanjaan perumahan merujuk kepada semua bentuk perbelanjaan setiap bulan yang ditanggung oleh penghuni yang meliputi kos bayaran pinjaman atau sewa rumah, utiliti, bayaran perkhidmatan dan lain-lain kos yang berkaitan perumahan. Tanggungan atau bebanan yang perlu dipikul dalam memperuntukkan pendapatan bagi mengurus kos perumahan merupakan antara faktor penting yang boleh mempengaruhi kesejahteraan hidup penghuni. Ini kerana perbelanjaan atau kos mengurus perumahan merupakan item perbelanjaan yang paling besar dalam perbelanjaan kebanyakan keluarga atau individu dan sekiranya berlaku perubahan terhadap harga atau sewa rumah (kenaikan) akan memberi kesan yang besar terhadap perbelanjaan bukan-perumahan yang lain. Fokus makalah  ini adalah untuk menilai persepsi penghuni di perumahan kos rendah dan sederhana dalam bandar di Pulau Pinang terhadap kemampuan menanggung  kos perbelanjaan perumahan pada masa kini dan masa hadapan serta kesannya terhadap kesejahteraan hidup mereka. Perbincangan yang dibuat adalah berdasarkan hasil kajian empirikal yang menggunakan kaedah kuantitatif melalui edaran borang soal selidik yang melibatkan responden seramai 400 orang. Hasil kajian mendapati majoriti responden memperuntukkan lebih daripada 30 peratus daripada pendapatan mereka untuk kos perbelanjaan perumahan dan mengangap ianya adalah membebankan. Malahan terdapat segelintir responden yang tidak dapat membuat bayaran tepat pada masanya. Ini telah menyebabkan mereka terpaksa mengawal perbelanjaan, mendapatkan pinjaman daripada pihak lain atau melakukan pekerjaan tambahan bagi meneruskan kelangsungan hidup. Fenomena sosial ini penting untuk diselidiki dan difahami kerana ianya boleh memberi kesan terhadap kualiti hidup masyarakat. Penduduk berpendapatan rendah dan sederhana ternyata menerima kesan ketara apabila kos perbelanjaan perumahan menjadi semakin mahal dan membebankan.

Kata kunci: Kos perbelanjaan perumahan; pendapatan; beban; kemampuan; kawasan bandar


Abstract

Housing consumption cost refers to all forms of monthly expenses incurred by residents which include the cost of loan payments or rent, utilities, service fees and other housing-related costs. Obligations or the burden to be shouldered in the allocated income to manage the cost of housing is one of the important factors that could affect the well-being of residents. This is because the expenses or cost of managing a house is the biggest expenditure item in the budget of most families and individuals. Changes to the price or increase in the rent will give a huge impact on non-housing expenses. The focus of this article is to evaluate the perception of the residents of the low and medium-cost housing in urban areas in Penang regarding their ability to bear the cost of managing the house at present and in the future and its impact on their affordability. The discussion in this article is based on the results of empirical study obtained using quantitative method through the distribution of questionnaires involving total of 400 people. The findings show that the majority of respondents have allocated more than 30 percent of their income for housing consumption cost and consider it to be burdensome; a few have difficulty in making timely payments. This has led them to control spending, get loans from the bank or family or do additional work to continue their survival. This social phenomenon is important to be investigated and understood as it can affect the quality of life of the community. Low and medium income households have had a noticeable impact when the cost of housing expenditure has become increasingly expensive and burdensome.

Keywords: Housing consumption cost; income; burden; affordability; urban areas


Full Text:

PDF

References


Australia Housing and Urban Research Instute (AHURI). 2008. Do housing condition make a difference to our health? AHURI Research and Policy Bulletin No 6. Melbourne. Online at http://www.ahuri.edu.au/publications/projects/p30002 Tarikh capaian: 20 Julai 2014.

Berita Harian. 10 Oktober 2014. Pendapatan Isi rumah 2014 Tunjuk Corak Positif.

Bernama. 10 Oktober 2014. Laporan: Langkah Berterusan Ringankan Beban Rakyat.

Bonnefoy, X. 2007. Inadequate housing and health: An overview. International Journal of Environment and Pollution 30(3/4): 411-429.

Cummins, R. A., Woerner, J., Tomyn, A., Gibson, A., & Knapp, T. 2006. Australian Unity Wellbeing Index: Report 16.0 - The Wellbeing of Australians - Mortgage Payments and Home Ownership. Melbourne: Australian Centre on Quality of Life, School of Psychology, Deakin University 1(7415): 6071.

Disney, J. 2006. Over our heads: Housing costs and Australian families. Australian Quarterly, 78(2): 4-11.

Evans, G. 2003. The built environment and mental health. Journal of Urban Health 80(4): 536-555.

Fang, Y. 2005. Residential satisfaction conceptual framework Revisited - A Study On Redevelopment Neighbourhoods in Inner City Beijing. United States: University of Colorado at Denver.

Gabriel, M., Jacobs, K., Arthurson, K. & Burke, T. 2005. Conceptualising and Measuring the Housing Affordability Problem. Research Paper 1, National Research Venture, 3: Housing Affordability for Lower Income Australians, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute (AHURI), Melbourne.

Heylen, K. & Haffner, M. 2013. A ratio or budget benchmark for comparing housing affordability across countries, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 28(3), 547-565.

Hulchanski, J. D. 1995. ‘The concept of housing affordability: Six contemporary uses of the housing expenditure-to-income ratio’. Housing Studies 10(4): 471-91.

Hulse, K., T. Burke, L. Ralston & Stone, W. 2010. The Benefits and Risks of Home Ownership for Low-Moderate Income Households, Final Report No. 154. Melbourne: Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute.

Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysis. 2015. Buletin Perangkaan Sosial Malaysia 2015. Putrajaya: Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.

Kementeruan Kesejahteraan Bandar, Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan (KPKT). 2015. Data Perangkaan KPKT 2015. Putrajaya: KPKT

Khazanah Research Institute. 2015. Making Housing Affordable. Kuala Lumpur: Khazanah Research Institute.

Leishman, C. & Rowley, S. 2012. Affordable Housing. In The Sage Handbook of Housing, edited by D. F. Clapham, A. V. Clarke, & K. Gibb, pp 379-397. London: Sage.

Stuart MacDonald. 2011. Supply and Demand in the Penang Housing Market: Assessing Affordability. Research Paper, Nov. 2011. Penang: Urbanisation & Environment Penang Institute.

Malaysia. 2015. Laporan Penyiasatan Pendapatan & Perbelanjaan Isi rumah, 2014. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.

Malaysia. 2015a. Rancangan Malaysia ke Sebelas (2016-2020). Kuala Lumpur: Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad.

Malaysia. 1999. Laporan Penyiasatan Perbelanjaan Isi rumah 1998/1999. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia.

Newman, S. J. & Holupka C. S. 2015 Housing affordability and child well-being, Housing Policy Debate 25(1): 116-151. DOI:10.1080/10511482.2014.899261.

Nor Aini Haji Idris & Chamhuri Siwar. 2003. Kemiskinan Bandar dan Sektor Tidak Formal di Malaysia. Bangi, Selangor: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Quigley, J. M., & Raphael, S. 2004. Is housing unaffordable? Why isn't it more affordable? The Journal of Economic Perspectives 18(1): 191-214.

Quoc N. V. 2007. The Effect of Rent Increases on Housing Stress in Australia. National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling (Natsem). Australia: University of Canberra.

Rowley, S., Ong, R. & Haffner, M. 2015. Bridging the gap between housing stress and financial stress: The case of Australia. Housing Studies 30(3): 473-490.

Rowley, S. & Ong, R. 2012. Housing Affordability, Housing Stress and Household Well-being in Australia. AHURI Final Report No 192. Melbourne: Australia Housing and Urban Research Institute.

Shadiya Baqutaya, Aini Suzana Ariffin & Fauziah Raji. 2015. Affordable housing policy: issues and challenges among middle-income groups. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 6(6): 443-436.

Smith, S. J., Searle B. A. & Cook, N. 2009. Rethinking the risks of home ownership. Journal of Social Policy 38: 83-102.

Stone, M.E. (2006), Housing Affordability for Households of Color in Massachusetts.Boston: Gaston Institute, Trotter Institute, Institute for Asian American Studies, University of Massachusetts Boston.

Stone, M. Burke, T. & Ralston, L. 2011. The Residual Income Approach to Housing Affordability: The Theory and the Practice. AHURI Positioning Paper No. 139, Australia Housing and Urban Research Institute, Melbourne.

Suriati Ghazali. 2002. Di Mana Mak, Ayah? Agihan Tugas Baru Kesan Baru Pemodenan dan Perindustrian. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors.

Yates, J. & Milligan, V. 2007. Housing Affordability: A 21st Century Problem. National Research Venture 3: Housing Affordability for Lower Income Australians, AHURI Final Report No 105. Australia: AHURI.

Zainal, A.H. 2010. Housing price and affordability in housing in Malaysia. Akademika 78 (Jan.-April): 37-46.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ISSN: 0126-5008

eISSN: 0126-8694